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Searching all stock for "fortifications":

Travel (811 files)

PMR145-04
Bulgaria, Plovdiv: Hissar Kapiya (Eastern Gate) of the Roman fortifications of the town. On the right, the Georgiadi House (1848), presently the home of the Museum of National Liberation Movements
Keywords: metropolis, architecture, heritage, culture, historic, picturesque, Ottoman, Trimontium, cobblestones

PMR-D13460
Greece, Island of Rhodes, Rhodes: the Mole Naillac, at the end of which stood the 46-metre-high Naillac Tower, built in the early 14th century, now demolished, all part of the defence fortifications of thje citadel.
Keywords: architecture, Byzantine, Crusaders, historic, holiday resort, island, Knights Hospitaller, Knights of St. John, mediaeval, Mediterranean, picturesque, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO

PMR-D13393
Greece, Island of Chalki, Emporio: view of the town (pop. 300) with colourful house facades and Byzantine fortification on a hilltop in the backgound.
Keywords: colourful, Dodecanese, Greek Islands, Halki, harbour, Hellas, island hopping, picturesque, port

PMR-D13392
Greece, Island of Chalki, Emporio: clocktower and facade of the town hall, with Byzantine fortification on a hilltop behind.
Keywords: colourful, Dodecanese, Greek Islands, Halki, harbour, Hellas, island hopping, picturesque, port

PMR-D13378
Greece, Island of Alimia: ruined fortification, proudly flying the Greek flag.
Keywords: culture, Dodecanese, Greek Islands, Hellas, island hopping, picturesque, traditional

PMR142-11
Bulgaria, Vidin, Belogradcik: the famous Rocks of Belogradcik, with Turkish fortifications.
Keywords: cliffs, geology, geological, formations, pinnacles, rocks, weird, tortured, outcrop, Belogradchik

PMR142-10
Bulgaria, Vidin, Belogradcik: view of the outer and middle fortifications built during the time of the Turkish occupation (1837) using forced local labour. Adjacent to the famous Rocks of Belogradcik.
Keywords: cliffs, geology, geological, formations, pinnacles, rocks, weird, tortured, outcrop, Belogradchik, fortress

PMR142-05
Bulgaria, Vidin, Belogradcik: the famous Rocks of Belogradcik, with Turkish fortifications.
Keywords: cliffs, geology, geological, formations, pinnacles, rocks, weird, tortured, outcrop, Belogradchik

PMR142-04
Bulgaria, Vidin, Belogradcik: the famous Rocks of Belogradcik, with Turkish fortifications.
Keywords: cliffs, geology, geological, formations, pinnacles, rocks, weird, tortured, outcrop, Belogradchik

PMR137-10
Switzerland, Schaffhausen: view of the town from the Munot, a massive 16th century keep.
Keywords: architecture, woods, castle, defence, fortifications, cannon, panorama

PMR133-08
Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, Ahrweiler: the massive Ahr Gate with its tower - the southern entrance to the town.
Keywords: architecture, Eifel, mediaeval, gate tower, defence, fortifications

PMR131-12
Germany, Bavaria, Upper Franconia: the Veste Coburg dates back to the 11th century and is one of Germany's largest castles, latterly the seat of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The bust of Martin Luther looks down disapprovingly on a modern wedding couple posing by a cannon.
Keywords: national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic, fortress, defence, fortifications, architecture, marriage, bride

PMR131-11
Germany, Bavaria, Upper Franconia: the Veste Coburg dates back to the 11th century and is one of Germany's largest castles, latterly the seat of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Chapel used by Martin Luther in 1530 (rebuilt in Gothic style in 1847). The end gable of the Ducal Residence Building (Furstenbau). Cannons on the battlements.
Keywords: national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic, fortress, defence, fortifications, architecture

PMR131-05
Germany, Bavaria, Frankische Schweiz: view of the village of Pottenstein and its castle on a defensive rock, from a hill to the west.
Keywords: national heritage, picturesque, woods, historic, panorama, defence, fortifications, mediaeval, landscape

PMR129-05
France, Cote d'Azur, Marseilles: the crowded basin of the Old Port.
Keywords: Mediterranean, boats, moorings, crane, hoist, quayside, defence, fortifications

PMR119-07
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: outer fortifications to the Roder Gate, from the top of the Roder Tower.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables, bird's eye view

PMR119-05
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: St. Wolfgang's or Shepherds' Church (15th century Gothic); the outer side forms part of the town wall, and in the roof are fortified defence positions.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, gables

PMR119-02
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: view of the Market Square, Ratsherrntrinkstube, White Tower and town wall, from the Rathaus Tower.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables, rooftops, bird's eye view

PMR118-06
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: Castle Gate-Tower at the end of the Herrengasse. The building on the right houses the Puppet Theatre.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR118-05
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: Siebers Tower (13th Century), formerly the southern entrance gate-tower.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR118-03
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: in the central court of the Hospital Bastion, built by Leonhard Weidmann.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR118-01
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: Hospital Bastion, with 7 gates, portcullis, drawbridge and rampart! (built by Leonhard Weidmann in the 16th century).
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR120-11
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: inside the Marienberg Fortress: Schonborn Gate, built by Prince-Bishop Johann Philipp von Schonborn (1642-73) near the mass grave of the victims of the massacre. (The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred).
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Würzburg, Franconia, historic

PMR120-10
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: inside the Marienberg Fortress: Echter Gate in the Bastion (1605), built by Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn. The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in1631 and the 600-man garrison massacred.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Würzburg, Franconia, historic

PMR120-08
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: inside the Marienberg Fortress: Scherenberg Gate with St. Killian's Tower behind. The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Würzburg, Franconia

PMR119-11
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: the Old Forge and the Roder Tower (Roderturm), seen from the defenders' gallery on the town wall.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR119-09
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: town wall and defenders' gallery with defence towers, looking north from the top of the Roder Tower.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR117-09
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: the White Tower, part of the oldest town fortifications (12th century).
Keywords: architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR117-06
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia, Nordlingen: the Lopsinger Gate Tower rebuilt in 1593-4 by Wolfgang Walberger, seen from the wooden defenders' gallery on the old town wall.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic

PMR117-05
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia, Nordlingen: the Lopsinger Gate Tower rebuilt in 1593-4 by Wolfgang Walberger.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic

PMR117-04
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia, Nordlingen: Lopsinger Gate Tower from the defenders' gallery on the old town wall.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic

PMR117-03
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia, Nordlingen: the old town wall and defenders' gallery with built-on cottages. In the background rises the Deininger Gate Tower.
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic

PMR113-12
Republic of San Marino: founded on 3rd September 301 AD, San Marino claims to be the oldest sovereign state still extant. The highest tower of the Guaita Fortress which dates from the 11th century, but much modified. It houses a museum of cannons and field guns. The fortress stands on Mount Titano (756 metres).
Keywords: enclave, micro-state, UNESCO, picturesque, historic, architecture, mediaeval, battlements, crenellations, fortifications

PMR113-11
Republic of San Marino: founded on 3rd September 301 AD, San Marino claims to be the oldest sovereign state still extant. The Guaita Fortress, dating from the 11th century, but much modified. It houses a museum of cannons and field guns. The fortress stands on Mount Titano (756 metres).
Keywords: enclave, micro-state, UNESCO, picturesque, historic, architecture, mediaeval, battlements, crenellations, fortifications

PMR086-06
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: the old forge, with the Roder Tower in the background, from the town wall ramparts
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR086-04
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: the White Tower (12th century), part of the oldest town fortifications
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, timber-frame, wattle and daub, gables

PMR086-02
Germany, Bavaria, Rothenburg ob der Tauber: Burgtor, one of the original entry gates to the town, with adjacent town wall
Keywords: architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, defence, fortifications, autumn colours

PMR083-05
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: one of many old intermediate defence towers, forming part of the city walls. With autumn foliage.
Keywords: Nürnberg, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR082-06
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: view from the top of the Sinwell Tower (l. to r.) Pentagonal Tower, Imperial Stables, and Luginsland Tower
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR082-05
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Sinwell Tower stands inside the Imperial Castle, rebuilt during the 15th and 16th centuries after its destruction in 1420. The building in the foreground houses the "Deep Well", 53 metres deep. Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Sinwell Tower stands inside the Imperial Castle, rebuilt during the 15th and 16th centuries after its destruction in 1420. The building in the foreground houses the "Deep Well", 53 metres deep.
Keywords: Nürnberg, fortress, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR082-04
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: stall against the city wall selling the famous Nuremberg grilled sausages with mustard.
Keywords: Nürnberg, fortifications, timber-framed buildings, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR082-03
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Beim Tiergartner-tor (pedestrian zone) with the Pilatus House, all overlooked by the castle
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, timber-frame houses, cobblestones

PMR082-02
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Tiergärtnertor (Zoo Gate) with tower and the Pilatus House against the old city wall.
Keywords: Nürnberg, timber-framed buildings, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR074-07
Yugoslavia, Croatia, Zadar: harbour and Land Gate to the town, bearing the lion of St. Mark (1543) built by Michele Sanmicheli, who also built the rest of the town's fortifications.
Keywords: architecture, historic, heritage, port, moorings, boats, basin, defence, town wall

PMR068-03
Austria, Tyrol, Hall: the mediaeval Munzer Tower where the first Talers were minted in 1477, when the town received its minting right. The houses are contemporary, and are built-on. The town later became rich on the salt trade, when it was called Solbad Hall.
Keywords: picturesque, architecture, castellations, mint, castle, fortifications

PMR068-02
Austria, Tyrol, Hall: the mediaeval Munzer Tower where the first Talers were minted in 1477, when the town received its minting right. It later became rich on the salt trade, when it was called Solbad Hall.
Keywords: picturesque, architecture, castellations, mint, castle, fortifications

PMR063-09
South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town: display of white-painted cannons, ancient and modern, outside the Star Castle. "Tablecloth" forming on Table Mountain.
Keywords: gardens, flowerbeds, historic, fortifications, defence

PMR063-08
South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town: cannon guarding the Castle of Good Hope, built 1666, with Table Mountain behind
Keywords: union flag, gardens, flowerbeds, historic, colourful, fortifications, defence

PMR052-03
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: statue of St. Killian on the old stone bridge (1473), with the Marienberg Fortress in the background
Keywords: missionary, bishop, stone figure, hilltop, fortification, Christian, Christianity

PMR046-08
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Landsberg am Lech: the newly renovated Bayertor (Bavarian Gate), dating from 1425
Keywords: defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR-D12053
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: Aegean , antiquity, archeology, defence, fortifications, historic, maritime, picturesque

PMR-D12052
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: Aegean , antiquity, archeology, defence, fortifications, historic, maritime, picturesque

PMR-D12048
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: Aegean , antiquity, archeology, defence, fortifications, historic, maritime, picturesque

PMR-D12047
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: path from the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: Aegean , antiquity, archeology, defence, fortifications, historic, maritime, picturesque

PMR-D12046
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the jetty and moored yachts from the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress.
Keywords: Aegean , antiquity, archeology, defence, fortifications, historic, maritime, picturesque

PMR-D12045
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the Turkish sailing boat "Bahriyeli C" from the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress.
Keywords: Aegean , antiquity, archeology, defence, fortifications, historic, maritime, picturesque

PMR-D12041
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: Aegean , antiquity, archeology, defence, fortifications, historic, maritime, picturesque

PMR-D12001
Greece, Island of Chalki: the waterfront, with colouful house facades, overlooked by the ruins of a Byzantine fortress on the hilltop.
Keywords: colourful, Dodecanese, fortifications, Greek Islands, harbour, Hellas, island hopping, picturesque, port

PMR-D11987
Greece, Island of Chalki: ruins of a Byzantine fortress on a barren hill overlooks the coastline, quite without vegetation.
Keywords: coast, defence, Dodecanese, fortifications, geology, Greek Islands, Hellas, island hopping, isolated

PMR-D11980
Greece, Island of Chalki: ruins of a Byzantine fortress on a barren hill, where a solitary tree defies the elements.
Keywords: coast, defence, Dodecanese, fortifications, geology, Greek Islands, Hellas, island hopping, isolated

PMR-D11938
Greece, Island of Nisyros: entrance gate to the ancient acropolis above Mandraki, built about 500 BC to guard the sea.route to Rhodes. Note the precisely-cut massive ashlars.
Keywords: architecture, cultural, Dodecanese, fortification, Greek Islands, Hellas, historic, island hopping, ruin

PMR-D11937
Greece, Island of Nisyros: entrance gate to the ancient acropolis above Mandraki, built about 500 BC to guard the sea.route to Rhodes.
Keywords: architecture, cultural, Dodecanese, fortification, Greek Islands, Hellas, historic, island hopping, ruin

PMR-D11936
Greece, Island of Nisyros: entrance gate to the ancient acropolis above Mandraki, built about 500 BC to guard the sea.route to Rhodes.
Keywords: architecture, cultural, Dodecanese, fortification, Greek Islands, Hellas, historic, island hopping, ruin

PMR-D11487
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (CorfuTown): the New Fortress (Neo Frourio) reflected in the pool of the modern fountain in Old Port Square.
Keywords: architecture, bastions, fortifications, Ionian Islands, sculpture

PMR-D11462
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): view of the two peaks in the Paleo Frourio (Old Fortress), the "Castel a Mare" and "Castel a Terra", with the classical church of St. George, built by the British, in the centre.
Keywords: bastion, fortifications, Ionian Islands, picturesque, Venetian

PMR-D11421
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): Castel a Terra with Venetian belltower and lighthouse in the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio), showing the bridge over the moat (Contrafossa) and Venetian fortifications.
Keywords: architecture, bastion, colourful, Ionian Islands, picturesque

PMR-D11420
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): Castel a Terra with Venetian belltower and lighthouse in the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio).
Keywords: architecture, colourful, fortifications, Ionian Islands, picturesque

PMR-D11419
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): statue of Count Schulenburg, architect of the Venetian fortifications which made the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio) impregnable.
Keywords: Ionian Islands, monument, sculpture, stone, Venetian

PMR-D11412
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): view of the two peaks in the Paleo Frourio (Old Fortress), the "Castel a Mare" and "Castel a Terra", with moored yachts in the foreground.
Keywords: bastion, fortifications, Ionian Islands, picturesque, Venetian

PMR-D11405
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): the Venetian belltower in the Paleo Frourio (Old Fortress), to which a clock was added under British rule. Old cannon in foreground.
Keywords: architecture, bastion, fortifications, Ionian Islands, picturesque

PMR-D11403
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): "Castel a Mare", the lower peak in the Paleo Frourio (Old Fortress), with Venetian fortifications which resisted three Ottoman sieges.
Keywords: architecture, bastion, fort, Ionian Islands, picturesque

PMR-D11402
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): "Castel a Mare", the lower peak in the Paleo Frourio (Old Fortress), with Venetian fortifications which resisted three Ottoman sieges.
Keywords: architecture, bastion, fort, Ionian Islands, picturesque

PMR-D11401
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): view of part of the Venetian New Fortress (Neo Frourio)(1645) from the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio)(dating back to 6th century).
Keywords: architecture, bastion, fortifications, Ionian Islands, Venetian

PMR-D11400
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): view of the Spianada, Palace of St. Michael and St. George and the pink-washed Panagia Mandrakina church from the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio).
Keywords: cruise liners, fortifications, Ionian Islands, panorama, Venetian

PMR-D11398
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): view of the Spianada and Liston from the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio).
Keywords: fortifications, Ionian Islands, panorama, picturesque, Venetian

PMR-D11396
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): mortar, cast in the Sussex foundry of Thomas Western (1684) in the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio).
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, Ionian Islands, Venetian, weaponry

PMR-D11395
Greece, Island of Corfu, Kerkyra (Corfu town): water craft moored in the Contrafossa (former moat) of the Old Fortress (Paleo Frourio)
Keywords: bastion, colourful, fortifications, Ionian Islands, picturesque

pMR-D11239
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: the mediaeval crusader castle with swallowtail castellations on its well preserved walls was built for the Order of the Knights of St. John on the site of the ancient Lycian town of Simena. It dominates the present Turkish village of Kalekoy which can only be reached by boat or on foot.
Keywords: castle, culture, defence, fortifications, fortress, heritage, historic, picturesque

PMR-D11025
Germany, Bavaria, Ingolstadt: part of the mediaeval town fortifications, still in use.
Keywords: architecture, culture, Gothic, heritage, mediaeval, picturesque, tower

PMR018-15
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Landsberg am Lech: view of the Bäckertor (Bakers Gate) (mid 13th century) and the Roßmarkt.
Keywords: mediaeval, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR018-10
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Landsberg am Lech: the Mutterturm (19th century).
Keywords: mediaeval, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR-D9948
Portugal, Azores Islands, Sao Miguel, Ponta Delgada: the 16th century fortress, Sao Bras, built to defend the port, is now home to an extensive military museum.
Keywords: architecture, harbour, defence, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, historic

PMR-D9909
Portugal, Azores Islands, Sao Miguel, Ponta Delgada: the 16th century fortress, Sao Bras, built to defend the port, is now home to an extensive military museum.
Keywords: architecture, harbour, defence, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, historic

PMR-D8283
Germany, Lower Saxony, Goslar: Breites Tor ("Wide Gate"), built in 1443, with the "Zwinger", or complementary defence tower (1517). Once, one of the most strongly defended gates in the country, much of the fortification has been demolished, including the outer gate with its own defence towers.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, mediaeval, medieval

PMR-D8281
Germany, Lower Saxony, Goslar: Breites Tor ("Wide Gate"), built in 1443, with the "Zwinger", or complementary defence tower (1517). Once, one of the most strongly defended gates in the country, much of the fortification has been demolished, including the outer gate with its own defence towers.
Keywords: architecture, UNESCO, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, mediaeval, medieval

PMR-D8200
Sweden, Smaland, Kalmar: the castle and moat originally date back to the 12th century, but in 1891 a reconstruction was completed to the shape of a Renaissance castle according to plans of architect Carl Möller. The Kalmar Union, between Denmark, Norway and Sweden, was signed here in 1397.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, defence, fortifications, Scandinavia, reflections

PMR-D8199
Sweden, Smaland, Kalmar: the castle and moat originally date back to the 12th century, but in 1891 a reconstruction was completed to the shape of a Renaissance castle according to plans of architect Carl Möller. The Kalmar Union, between Denmark, Norway and Sweden, was signed here in 1397.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, defence, fortifications, Scandinavia, reflections

PMR-D8057
Norway, Oslo: a cargo ship moored under the walls of the Akershus Fortress which dates back to the late 14th century.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, defence, fortifications, capital city, Scandinavia, architecture

PMR-D7999
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state. Mounted enthusiasts in period cavalry uniforms re-enact with infantry past military actions for onlookers.
Keywords: picturesque, attack, battle, cannon, mediaeval, heritage, architecture, culture, fortifications, castle, horses

PMR-D7998
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state. Mounted enthusiasts in period cavalry uniforms re-enact past military actions for onlookers.
Keywords: picturesque, attack, battle, cannon, mediaeval, heritage, architecture, culture, fortifications, castle, horses

PMR-D7997
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, heritage, architecture, culture, fortifications, castle

PMR-D7996
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state. Enthusiasts in period artillery uniforms re-enact past military actions for onlookers.
Keywords: picturesque, horses, castle, fortifications, culture, architecture, heritage, mediaeval, cannon, defence

PMR-D7995
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state.
Keywords: picturesque, castle, fortifications, culture, architecture, heritage, mediaeval

PMR-D7994
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state. Mounted enthusiasts in period cavalry uniforms re-enact past military actions for onlookers.
Keywords: picturesque, horses, castle, fortifications, culture, architecture, heritage, mediaeval

PMR-D7993
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state. Mounted enthusiasts in period cavalry uniforms re-enact past military actions for onlookers.
Keywords: picturesque, horses, castle, fortifications, culture, architecture, heritage, mediaeval

PMR-D7992
Sweden, Bohuslän: Bohus Fortress, dating back to 1308, lies on the old Norwegian-Swedish border and was at that time in Norway. Built of granite. it was besieged 14 times but never taken. In 1789 it was partly demolished, leaving it in its present ruined state.
Keywords: picturesque, castle, fortifications, culture, architecture, heritage, mediaeval

PMR-D7991
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: inside the Marienberg Fortress: Schönborn Gate, built by Prince-Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1642-73) near the mass grave of the victims of the massacre. (The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred).
Keywords: defence, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, historic, Franconia, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications

PMR-D7990
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: Killian's Tower with the underground tunnel which leads under the fortifications into the Marienberg Fortress: The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred.
Keywords: architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, Franconia, historic, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse

PMR-D7989
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: inside the Marienberg Fortress: Echter or Michael's Gate in the Bastion (1605), built by Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn. The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in1631 and the 600-man garrison massacred.
Keywords: defence, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, historic, Franconia, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications

PMR-D7988
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: inside the Marienberg Fortress: the mediaeval Scherenberg Gate originally commanded a drawbridge. St. Killian's Tower behind. The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred.
Keywords: defence, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, culture, Franconia, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications

PMR-D7986
Germany, Bavaria, Wurzburg: the north tract of the Marienberg Fortress, with the Scherenbergzwinger, from the north-east. The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred.
Keywords: architecture, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, historic, Franconia, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR-D7962
Germany, Bavaria, Würzburg: The Marienberg, with its fortress, is one of the oldest sites of settlement in Franconia, going back to at least 1000 BC. The present fortress was started about 1200 and remained the seat of the Prince-Bishops until 1719. It was remodelled into a Renaissance palace by Julius Echter from about 1600. The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, heritage, architecture, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, culture, fortifications, defence

PMR-D7960
Germany, Bavaria, Würzburg: The Marienberg, with its fortress, is one of the oldest sites of settlement in Franconia, going back to at least 1000 BC. The present fortress was started about 1200 and remained the seat of the Prince-Bishops until 1719. It was remodelled into a Renaissance palace by Julius Echter from about 1600. The fortress was stormed by the Swedes in 1631 and the 600-man garrison was massacred. View with part of the bridge over the River Main.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, heritage, architecture, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, culture, fortifications, defence

PMR-D7948
Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Tauberbischofsheim: the Türmersturm (tower), dating from 1270, was once part of the defence fortifications.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, heritage, Tauber Valley, architecture, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, culture

PMR-D7947
Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Tauberbischofsheim: the Zwinger, a former defence fortification, in Schlossplatz (Castle Square).
Keywords: picturesque, cobblestones, mediaeval, heritage, Tauber Valley, architecture, Romantische Strasse, Romantic Road, culture

PMR-D7662
Morocco, Asilah: the sea wall built by the Portuguese in the15th century protects the town from the Atlantic swell as well as hostile invaders. On the left is the Torre de Menagem (Kamra Tower). View from the beach in late afternoon.
Keywords: Africa, fortifications, historic, picturesque, tradition, culture, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb

PMR-D7625
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
The main street.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, historic, fortress, fortifications, culture, national heritage

PMR-D7624
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
Minaret of a mosque, converted from a Portuguese lighthouse in the 19th century.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, historic, fortress, fortifications, culture, national heritage

PMR-D7623
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
Minaret of a mosque, converted from a Portuguese lighthouse in the 19th century.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, historic, fortress, fortifications, culture, national heritage

PMR-D7622
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
The vaulted cistern was built in 1514 as part of the original Portuguese citadel for use as a grain store or arsenal, but converted around 1541 to a water cistern, holding 5,000 tonnes of water. The Manueline-style vaults are supported by 25 pillars. The cistern was used in the shooting of the film "Othello" by Orson Welles.
Keywords: Africa, national heritage, culture, fortifications, fortress, historic, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, UNESCO

PMR-D7621
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
The vaulted cistern was built in 1514 as part of the original Portuguese citadel for use as a grain store or arsenal, but converted around 1541 to a water cistern, holding 5,000 tonnes of water. The Manueline-style vaults are supported by 25 pillars. The cistern was used in the shooting of the film "Othello" by Orson Welles.
Keywords: Africa, national heritage, culture, fortifications, fortress, historic, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, UNESCO

PMR-D7620
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
The vaulted cistern was built in 1514 as part of the original Portuguese citadel for use as a grain store or arsenal, but converted around 1541 to a water cistern, holding 5,000 tonnes of water. The Manueline-style vaults are supported by 25 pillars. The cistern was used in the shooting of the film "Othello" by Orson Welles.
Keywords: Africa, national heritage, culture, fortifications, fortress, historic, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, UNESCO

PMR-D7619
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
One of the cast-iron cannons, slowly rusting away, with the tower of the old Catholic church on the right.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, historic, fortress, fortifications, culture, national heritage

PMR-D7618
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
View from the Angel Bastion, showing the 8-metre high walls.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, historic, fortress, fortifications, culture, national heritage

PMR-D7617
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
View from the Angel Bastion with cannon in the foreground.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, historic, fortress, fortifications, culture, national heritage

PMR-D7616
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
Part of the peripheral walkway round the city walls, which are about 8 metres high and 10 metres thick on average, from the Angel Bastion.
Keywords: Africa, national heritage, culture, fortifications, fortress, historic, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, UNESCO

PMR-D7615
Morocco, El-Jadida, La Cité Portugaise: the fortified city of Mazagan, founded by the Portuguese in 1502, was the last Portuguese possession on the Atlantic coast to fall to the Alaouites in 1769. The latter then built the adjacent new town of El-Jadida ("the new").
The Angel Bastion in the west is a sea defence.
Keywords: Africa, national heritage, culture, fortifications, fortress, historic, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, UNESCO

PMR-D7608
Morocco, Essaouira: fishing boats in the harbour basin, with the harbour fortifications and Genoese-built citadel behind.
Keywords: Africa, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, architecture, historic, national heritage, picturesque, colourful

PMR-D7606
Morocco, Essaouira: the harbour wall and castellated fortifications with a row of cannons, mostly of Spanish or French origin.
Keywords: Africa, national heritage, historic, architecture, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb

PMR-D7605
Morocco, Essaouira: the harbour and quayside with fishing boats, from the roof of the Genoese-built citadel. Below, the harbour fortifications, complete with cannons.
Keywords: Africa, port, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, architecture, historic, national heritage

PMR-D7508
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". Entrance to a restored house, "Dar el Hata", which also houses a cafe.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7507
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". Inside a restored house, "Dar el Hata", showing the dining niche of the second-floor living room.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7506
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". Inside a restored house, "Dar el Hata", showing the second-floor living room.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7505
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". Inside a restored house, "Dar el Hata", showing the stairway to the second floor.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7504
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". Part of the old town from above, with the river in the background.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7503
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". View from the top of the hill, showing defense wall, with the new town beyond.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, fortifications, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, picturesque, architecture, culture, national heritage, historic

PMR-D7502
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". View from the top of the hill, showing defense wall, with the new town beyond.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7501
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". View through a gap in the wall of the medina.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7500
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". View of the medina with its defensive walls.
Keywords: Africa, UNESCO, fortifications, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, picturesque, architecture, culture, national heritage, historic

PMR-D7499
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator". View of the medina, with the modern town on the left.
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7498
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Ait Benhaddou, a carefully restored ksar or fortified kasbah of adobe, spreads picturesquely up a hill crowned by a fortress. It has been used in the making of numerous films, including "Sodom and Gomorrha" , "Lawrence of Arabia", "Alexander the Great" and "Gladiator".
Keywords: Africa, historic, national heritage, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, UNESCO

PMR-D7497
Morocco: Kasbah Taourirt, residence of Glaoui Pasha, built at the beginning of the 20th century, has appeared in a number of films. Souvenir hunters are also catered for.
Keywords: Africa, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, bastions

PMR-D7496
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Kasbah Taourirt, residence of Glaoui Pasha, built at the beginning of the 20th century, has appeared in a number of films.
Keywords: Africa, culture, architecture, picturesque, Muslim, Islam, Maghreb, fortifications, bastions

PMR-D7495
Morocco, Ouarzazate: Kasbah Taourirt, residence of Glaoui Pasha, built at the beginning of the 20th century, has appeared in a number of films.
Keywords: Africa, bastions, fortifications, Maghreb, Islam, Muslim, picturesque, architecture, culture

PMR-D7408
Morocco, Meknes: view from the gallery of the handsome courtyard of the Medrasa Bou Inania, built in 1345 by the Marinid sultans Abu al-Hasan and Abu Inan. In the centre stands a marble basin for ablutions.
Keywords: Africa, koran-school, Maghreb, culture, historic, national heritage, fortifications, architecture, royal city

PMR-D7407
Morocco, Meknes: part of the carved cedar roof and intricately decorated walls of the courtyard of the Medrasa Bou Inania, built in 1345 by the Marinid sultans Abu al-Hasan and Abu Inan.
Keywords: Africa, Maghreb, culture, historic, national heritage, fortifications, architecture, royal city, koran-school

PMR-D7406
Morocco, Meknes: an intricately carved panel which adorns the courtyard of the Medrasa Bou Inania, built in 1345 by the Marinid sultans Abu al-Hasan and Abu Inan.
Keywords: Africa, koran-school, royal city, architecture, fortifications, national heritage, historic, culture, Maghreb

PMR-D7405
Morocco, Meknes: carved cedar screen and part of the cedar roof and intricately decorated walls of the courtyard of the Medrasa Bou Inania, built in 1345 by the Marinid sultans Abu al-Hasan and Abu Inan.
Keywords: Africa, Maghreb, culture, historic, national heritage, fortifications, architecture, royal city, koran-school

PMR-D7404
Morocco, Meknes: large expanse of the Place el Hedim, the far side of which leads to the soukhs.
Keywords: Africa, Maghreb, culture, historic, national heritage, fortifications, architecture, royal city

PMR-D7403
Morocco, Meknes: wall of the medina from Place el Hedim with the row of adjoining kiosks, introduced more recently.
Keywords: Africa, Maghreb, culture, historic, national heritage, fortifications, architecture, royal city

PMR-D7402
Morocco, Meknes: part of the mighty arcaded city wall which has been extensively restored.
Keywords: Africa, royal city, architecture, fortifications, national heritage, historic, culture, Maghreb

PMR-D7401
Morocco, Meknes: a green park, popular with picnickers, with the mighty arcaded city wall in the background.
Keywords: Africa, royal city, Maghreb, culture, historic, national heritage, fortifications, architecture

PMR-D6936
England, Kent, Dover: view of the white cliffs with the New Officers' Barracks of Dover Castle, and the church of St. Mary in Castro.
Keywords: picturesque, fortifications, mediaeval, historic

PMR-D6262
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View from the ramparts, with the River Wörnitz and the old town of Harburg with its original stone bridge.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6261
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View from the ramparts, with the River Wörnitz and the old town of Harburg with its original stone bridge.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6260
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View from the ramparts, with the River Wörnitz, the town of Harburg, and the main road which tunnels through the hill below.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6258
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. The stucco figure of Pax (peace) faces the figure of Mars (war) at opposite ends of the great hall.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6257
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. The stucco figure of Mars (war) faces the figure of Pax (peace) at opposite ends of the great hall.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6256
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the Burgvogtei (admin), eintrance to the inner courtyard with portcullis, White Tower, defenders' gallery and wellhouse, with herb garden in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6255
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the defenders' gallery, former bakery with its own tower and wellhouse.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6254
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the portcullis, White Tower, defenders' gallery and wellhouse.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6253
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. A closer view of the defenders' gallery.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6252
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. The Burgvogtei (administration) on the left, with the chapel and Palas (living quarters) on the far side of the courtyard. The open-air restaurant is in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6251
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the herb garden, the keep and Kastenhaus (grain store) from the defenders' gallery.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6250
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the White Tower and the gatekeeper's house, from the herb garden.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6249
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the inner gate with its portcullis, the defenders' gallery, the White Tower and the present-day restaurant.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6248
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View from the ramparts, with the River Wörnitz, the town of Harburg, and the main road which tunnels through the hill below.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6247
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. The herb garden, in the inner courtyard.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6246
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. "Rote Stallung", the former stables.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6245
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the keep/watchtower, the oldest part of the fortress, with a bastion in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6244
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View of the inner courtyard with wellhouse in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6243
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View from the south-west.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6242
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View from the south-west.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6241
Germany, Bavaria, Swabia, Harburg: the castle of Harburg, dating back to before 1150, is one of the largest and best-preserved in southern Germany. View from the south-west.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, culture, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse, architecture, fortress, fortification, defence

PMR-D6058
Oman, Muscat: an old watchtower overlooking the buildings of Old Muscat, with the Omani flag flying high.
Keywords: oil wealth, desert city, Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, architecture, sultanate, defence, fortifications

PMR-D6011
Oman, Sumhuram Archeological Park: the excavated remains of a city, dating back to the 3rd century BC, and abandoned in the 5th century AD, a major port for the export of frankincense by the sultans of Hadhramaut. View of the city on its commanding position on high ground, surrounded by impregnable walls of limestone slabs, originally maybe 10m high.
Keywords: Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, sultanate, historic, heritage, ruins, preservation, defence, fortifications

PMR-D5823
Oman, Nakhal: view of Nakhal Fortress (Husn Al Heem), dating from pre-Islamic times, showing its full extent and the rocky spur on which it was built.
Keywords: desert city, Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, sultanate, historic, picturesque, oasis, defence, fortifications, crenellations

PMR-D5822
Oman, Nakhal: view of Nakhal Fortress (Husn Al Heem), dating from pre-Islamic times, showing the rocky spur on which it was built, with the Omani flag flying proudly.
Keywords: desert city, Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, sultanate, historic, picturesque, oasis, defence, fortifications, crenellations

PMR-D5821
Oman, Nakhal: view of Nakhal Fortress (Husn Al Heem), dating from pre-Islamic times, showing the rocky spur on which it was built, with the Omani flag flying proudly.
Keywords: desert city, Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, sultanate, historic, picturesque, oasis, defence, fortifications, crenellations

PMR-D5820
Oman, Nakhal: Nakhal Fortress (Husn Al Heem), dating from pre-Islamic times: view from the "keep", with the town and its mosque in the distance.
Keywords: desert city, Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, sultanate, historic, picturesque, oasis, defence, fortifications, crenellations

PMR-D5819
Oman, Nakhal: the "keep" and part of the natural rock spur, on which it is built, of Nakhal Fortress (Husn Al Heem), dating from pre-Islamic times.
Keywords: desert city, Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, sultanate, historic, picturesque, oasis, defence, fortifications, crenellations

PMR-D5818
Oman, Nakhal: the "keep" and outer walls of Nakhal Fortress (Husn Al Heem), dating from pre-Islamic times, with Jebel Nakhal, a spur of the Western Hajar mountains, behind.
Keywords: desert city, Islam, Muslim, Arab state, Middle East, Gulf State, sultanate, historic, picturesque, oasis, defence, fortifications

PMR-D5741
Turkey, Marmoris: the castle, built in 1522, in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, stands on the site of age-old defensive installations. It now houses an ethnographical museum. View of the fortifications from the keep.
Keywords: port, harbour, holiday resort, marina, yachts, boats, picturesque, colourful, heritage, historic, fortress, crenellations, culture

PMR-D5707
Greece, Island of Amorgos: the Venetian fortification, Apano Kastro, built in 1290, rises above the centre of the hilltop village of Chora, 300 metres above the harbour.
Keywords: Greek Islands, Hellas, island hopping, picturesque, heritage, Cyclades, colourful, architecture

PMR-D4192
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: maritime, Aegean , cruising, Bahriyeli C, picturesque, sailing ship, fortifications, defence, historic, archeology, antiquity

PMR-D4191
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: maritime, Aegean , cruising, Bahriyeli C, picturesque, sailing ship, fortifications, defence, historic, archeology, antiquity

PMR-D4190
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: maritime, Aegean , cruising, Bahriyeli C, picturesque, sailing ship, fortifications, defence, historic, archeology, antiquity

PMR-D4181
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum). The "Italian Tower" (left), the "French Tower" (right), and the "English Tower" (centre).
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4180
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum).
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4178
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum). The "English Tower" on the left.
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4174
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): the German Tower in St. Peter's Castle, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum).
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4172
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): Greek family gravestone, displayed in the castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum).
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4170
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): view of the town and harbour from the walls of St Peter's Castle, with mosque in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, culture, Petronium, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising, fortifications, defence

PMR-D4169
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): the Spanish or Snake Tower in St. Peter's Castle, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum).
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4166
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum). View from the harbour.
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4163
Turkey, Province of Mugla, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum).
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium, defence, Aegean, Bahriyeli C, marine, cruising

PMR-D4105
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: maritime, Aegean , cruising, Bahriyeli C, picturesque, sailing ship, fortifications, defence, historic, archeology, antiquity

PMR-D4104
Turkey, Bozburun Peninsula, Loryma: view of the perimeter walls of Loryma Fortress which was built by the Hellenes to protect their ships during the Peloponnesian War, in the 5th century BC.
Keywords: maritime, Aegean , cruising, Bahriyeli C, picturesque, sailing ship, fortifications, defence, historic, archeology, antiquity

PMR-D4081
Germany, Bavaria, Wonsees: Burg Zwernitz, dating back to 1156, framed by bizarre rock formations.
Keywords: picturesque, fortifications, defence, mediaeval, historic, heritage, architecture

PMR-D4080
Germany, Bavaria, Wonsees: Burg Zwernitz, dating back to 1156, framed by bizarre rock formations.
Keywords: picturesque, fortifications, defence, mediaeval, historic, heritage, architecture

PMR-D4079
Germany, Bavaria, Wonsees: Burg Zwernitz, dating back to 1156, framed by bizarre rock formations.
Keywords: picturesque, fortifications, defence, mediaeval, historic, heritage, architecture

PMR-D4078
Germany, Bavaria, Wonsees: Burg Zwernitz, dating back to 1156, was part of a signalling network in Franconia using smoke from the top of its tower.
Keywords: picturesque, fortifications, defence, mediaeval, historic, heritage, architecture

PMR-D4077
Germany, Bavaria, Wonsees: view from the tower of Burg Zwernitz, dating back to 1156
Keywords: picturesque, park, fortifications, defence, mediaeval, historic, heritage, Franconia

PMR-D4075
Germany, Bavaria, Wonsees: Burg Zwernitz, dating back to 1156, was part of a signalling network in Franconia using smoke from the top of its tower. The former inn, in the foreground, is used for its administration.
Keywords: picturesque, fortifications, defence, mediaeval, historic, heritage, architecture

PMR-D2826
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. Cannonballs embedded in the wall near the Akandia Gate.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2824
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. The Bastion del Carretto or Italian Tower, built 1515-17 in the "Tongue" of Provence.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2823
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. Part of the "Tongue" of Provence in the south east of the old city.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2820
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. View of the wall through an arch at St. John's Gate, from the moat.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2818
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. Masses of Crown Daisies (Chrysanthemum coronarium) in the moat between the city wall and "terreplein" of the "Tongue" of England.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence, flora, botany, wildflowers

PMR-D2817
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. Tower of the Virgin Mary and its bastion in the south-west corner of the old city.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2816
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. View between the wall and "terreplein" of the Spanish "Tongue", with the Tower of Spain in the distance.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2815
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. The "terreplein" (embankment, or second wall) of the Spanish "Tongue"
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2814
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. Part of the Tower of Spain, built in 1489 by Pierre d'Aubusson, whose arms can be seen to the left.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2813
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. Part of the "Tongue of Auverne" with masses of Crown Daisies (Chrysanthemum coronarium) in the foreground.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, landscape, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence, flora, wildflowers, botany

PMR-D2812
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. The Bastion of St George, with piles of Ottoman cannonballs in the moat.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, landscape, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2811
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. Amboise Gate in the German "Tongue", seen from the moat.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2787
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. The double wall and double moat of the "English Tongue", from the Tower of the Virgin Mary.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D2786
Greece, Island of Rhodes: the massive walls of the mediaeval city, built by the Knights of St. John in the 14th century, up to 12 metres thick. The double wall and double moat of the "English Tongue", from the Tower of the Virgin Mary.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, picturesque, historic, mediaeval, architecture, Byzantine, Rhodos, Rodos, UNESCO, Knights of St. John, Crusaders, fortifications, defence

PMR-D1140
Germany, Bavaria, Upper Franconia, Bamberg: fortified defence wall of Altenburg, with tower.
Keywords: picturesque, architecture, fortifications, defence, national heritage, mediaeval, historical

PMR-D1137
Germany, Bavaria, Upper Franconia, Bamberg: the main entrance to Altenburg, across the former drawbridge.
Keywords: picturesque, fortifications, defence, national heritage, mediaeval, historical

PMR-D1136
Germany, Bavaria, Upper Franconia, Bamberg: Altenburg, on one of the city's six hills, was last rebuilt in the 16th century.
Keywords: picturesque, architecture, fortifications, defence, national heritage, mediaeval, historical

PMR-D1135
Germany, Bavaria, Upper Franconia, Bamberg: the two west towers are Gothic in style, copied from the cathedral of Laon, in northern France (including the donkeys!).
Keywords: picturesque, Franconia, fortifications, defence, cobblestones, national heritage, mediaeval, historical

PMR-D0682
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Heilig-Geist-Spital (Holy Ghost Hospital), built 1332-39, floodlit at night, and reflected in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Franconia, Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR365-12
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the "Amtsgericht" or County Court building with elaborate crest on the frieze and ornate window mouldings.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval, Baroque

PMR365-11
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the castle, which dates back to 1025 or even earlier, was constantly extended, and now comprises an inner courtyard and 5 outer courtyards, straggling along a ridge for 1051 metres, making it the longest castle in the world. The Christopher Gate to the castle, in the fifth courtyard.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-10
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the castle, which dates back to 1025 or even earlier, was constantly extended, and now comprises an inner courtyard and 5 outer courtyards, straggling along a ridge for 1051 metres, making it the longest castle in the world. Clocktower with sundial, and wellhouse, in the fifth courtyard of the castle.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-09
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: facades of the entire main street with the River Salzach and the bridge to Austria behind. As seen from the castle.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-07
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the tower of St. Jacob's Parish Church and the town centre. The farther side of the River Salzach belongs to Austria, the customs post being at the end of the bridge. View from the roof of the "Palas" in the castle.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-06
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the castle, which dates back to 1025 or even earlier, was constantly extended, and now comprises an inner courtyard and 5 outer courtyards, straggling along a ridge for 1051 metres, making it the longest castle in the world. Lake Wöhr, which occupies the former course of the River Salzach, from the roof of the Palas.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-05
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the castle, which dates back to 1025 or even earlier, was constantly extended, and now comprises an inner courtyard and 5 outer courtyards, straggling along a ridge for 1051 metres, making it the longest castle in the world. Eggenberg Tower and curtain wall spanning Lake Wöhr, from the roof of the "Palas".
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-04
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the castle, which dates back to 1025 or even earlier, was constantly extended, and now comprises an inner courtyard and 5 outer courtyards, straggling along a ridge for 1051 metres, making it the longest castle in the world. View along the castle ridge from the roof of the "Palas" or Duke's Quarters.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-03
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the castle, which dates back to 1025 or even earlier, was constantly extended, and now comprises an inner courtyard and 5 outer courtyards, straggling along a ridge for 1051 metres, making it the longest castle in the world. The first and principal courtyard, with the "Kemnate" or living quarters on the left.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR365-02
Germany, Bavaria, Burghausen: the castle, which dates back to 1025 or even earlier, was constantly extended, and now comprises an inner courtyard and 5 outer courtyards, straggling along a ridge for 1051 metres, making it the longest castle in the world. Stephan's Tower and the main entrance.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, gables, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR361-03
Switzerland, Bernese Oberland, Spiez: view of the harbour, the mediaeval castle (12th/13th century), and Alte Kirche - a Romanesque church dating from the 10th century, from the path up to the town.
Keywords: picturesque, Alps, mountain range, alpine scenery, colourful, yachts, boats, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR361-01
Switzerland, Bernese Oberland, Spiez: view approaching the town with its harbour and mediaeval castle (12th/13th century), and Alte Kirche - a Romanesque church dating from the 10th century.
Keywords: picturesque, Alps, mountain range, alpine scenery, colourful, yachts, boats, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR360-12
Switzerland, Bernese Oberland, Spiez: harbour scene with the mediaeval castle (12th/13th century), and Alte Kirche - a Romanesque church dating from the 10th century.
Keywords: picturesque, Alps, mountain range, alpine scenery, colourful, yachts, boats, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR360-11
Switzerland, Bernese Oberland, Spiez: view of the harbour and castle from the promenade flower gardens.
Keywords: picturesque, Alps, mountain range, alpine scenery, alpine meadows, chalets, colourful, yachts, boats, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR360-02
France, Haute-Savoie, Thonon-les-Bains: the inner harbour and chateau.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, sailing, fishing boat, yacht, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR349-12
India, Gwalior: view of the cliff on which Gwalior Fort stands, dominating the town below.
Keywords: culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, defence, geology

PMR346-04
India, Rajasthan, Amber/Amer: Amber Fort overlooks the old city, predecessor of the modern city of Jaipur, which was founded by Maharaja Jai Singh II in 1727.
Keywords: picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, reflections, palace, fortifications, defence

PMR332-05
Denmark, Helsingor (Elsinore): view of the grounds and fortifications of Kronborg Fortress, where Hamlet might have walked, with cannons in the foreground. The yacht harbour is visible in the distance.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, defence

PMR332-04
Denmark, Helsingor (Elsinore): view from the Kronborg Fortress across Oresund to Helsingborg in Sweden, with cannons in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR331-12
Sweden, Vadstena: Renaissance castle with moat, begun by Gustav Vasa in 1545, has four massive corner towers, and a central tower which contains the chapel.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence, red-brick

PMR331-11
Sweden, Vadstena: Renaissance castle with moat, begun by Gustav Vasa in 1545, has four massive corner towers, and a central tower which contains the chapel.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence, red-brick, reflections

PMR324-07
USSR, Leningrad: Peter and Paul Fortress, with the golden spire of the cathedral reflected in the waters of the Kronverk Canal.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, picturesque, culture, historic, colourful, heritage, Orthodox, St. Petersburg, fortifications, defence

PMR321-09
USSR, Novgorod: Spasski Tower (15th century) at the southern end of the Kremlin wall, and Knyashi Tower (left).
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR321-07
USSR, Novgorod: view of the Kremlin walls and beach, from the Victory Monument.
Keywords: picturesque, culture, historic, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR321-03
USSR, Novgorod: Kremlin wall with defence towers and Pokrov Church. The tower in the foreground is the Kokui Tower, built in the 17th century.
Keywords: architecture, culture, historic, colourful, heritage, monument, capital city, fortifications, defence

PMR318-11
Poland, Cracow: entrance gate to the Wawel Fortress in Sandomierska Tower. The portcullis is lowered at night. In the background is the Senatorska Tower.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, picturesque, culture, historic, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR316-09
Poland, Cracow: River Vistula seen from the walls of the Wawel Fortress with the Kosciuszko Mound in the distamce.
Keywords: picturesque, buttress, fortifications , defence

PMR315-04
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia, Eichstätt: Willibaldsburg (St. Willibald's Castle), built in 1353 - the Gemmingen Building seen from the west in the valley.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR315-02
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia, Eichstätt: Willibaldsburg (St. Willibald's Castle), built in 1353 - view of the Gemmingen Building with north tower.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR314-01
Switzerland, Basel: surviving part of the city's fortified wall in St. Alban-Tal (Valley)..
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, culture, historic, mediaeval, medieval, heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR312-05
France, Alsace, Riquewihr, a well preserved mediaeval village on the edge of the Vosges: outside the town wall.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, colourful, medieval, timber-frame, half-timbered, lathe and plaster, heritage, cobblestones, fortifications, defence

PMR310-07
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia: Burg Randeck (ca. 1000 AD), perched on the clifftop above Essing, is one of the oldest fortified castles in Bavaria.
Keywords: nature, countryside, picturesque, rocky, steep, precipitous, limestone, jura, fortifications, defence

PMR310-05
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia: view of Essing and the town gate from the wooden bridge over the River Altmühl, with Burg Randeck, built ca. 1000, on the clifftop.
Keywords: nature, countryside, picturesque, rocky, steep, precipitous, limestone, jura, fortifications, defence

PMR310-04
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia: Bridge over the river in the Altmühl Valley at Essing, with Burg Randeck, built ca. 1000, on the clifftop.
Keywords: nature, countryside, picturesque, rocky, steep, precipitous, limestone, jura, fortifications, defence

PMR234-10
Romania, Moldavia, Vatra Moldovitei: the frescoed church of Moldovita Monastery: frescoes on the vestibule roof and walls; "The Last Judgement" appears as customary on the west outer wall.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, countryside, picturesque

PMR206-11
Israel, Jerusalem: the Western (Wailing) Wall :
the lower 7 stone courses (19 more are below ground level!) are from the time of Herod (20 BC); the next 4 courses are from Roman times, and the top part was added at the time of the British mandate. At present it stands 18 metres high.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR291-01
Turkey, Anamur: this imposing fortress, Mamure Castle, sited on a spit of land jutting into the sea, was originally built by the Romans in the 4th century AD and was one of the last strongholds of the Crusaders until 1221 when it fell to the Seljuk Turks who extended it to its present size.
Keywords: fortifications, defence, castle, impregnable, crenellations

PMR290-03
Turkey, Marmaris: castellated walls of the fortress overlooking the harbour.
Keywords: fortifications, defence, Turkish flags

PMR286-12
Turkey, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum). View of the promenade and moored boats.
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium

PMR286-11
Turkey, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum). View from the far side of the harbour.
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium

PMR286-10
Turkey, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): children on the jetty, fisherman, yacht moorings, and the mosque.
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, minaret

PMR286-09
Turkey, Bodrum (formerly Halikarnassos): castle of St. Peter, built by crusading knights of the Order of St. John in 1402, using stones from the tomb of Mausolus (=mausoleum). View from the far side of the harbour.
Keywords: picturesque, port, harbour, quay, jetty, yachts, pleasure craft, fortifications, historic, culture, Petronium

PMR281-07
Turkey, Canakkale: customs launch. The old fortifications are visible on the far side of the Dardanelles.
Keywords: strait, shipping, port, seascape

PMR271-11
Bahamas, Nassau: Fort Fincastle, built on a hill overlooking the city by Governor Lord Dunmore in 1793. View from the Water Tower and Lighthouse, 126 feet high.
Keywords: colourful, architecture, street scene, fortifications, defence, cannons, picturesque, historic

PMR253-08
France, Alsace-Lorraine, Strasbourg: 15th century Vauban Rampart over the River Ill completed the ring of fortifications round the city. It now serves as a viewing terrace offering a fine panorama.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, reflections

PMR252-12
France, Alsace-Lorraine, Strasbourg: 15th century Vauban Rampart over the River Ill completed the ring of fortifications round the city. It now serves as a viewing terrace offering a fine panorama.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, reflections

PMR237-11
Romania, Transylvania: Bran Castle, traditional home of Bram Stoker's Count Dracula stories, was built in 1377 to command the trade route and now contains an extensive museum.
Keywords: fortifications, defence, mediaeval, architecture, rustical, rural, landscape, countryside, picturesque, vampires, Vlad the Impaler

PMR237-08
Romania, Moldavia, Sihastria Hermitage, with frescoed entrance arch. Like Neamt and Secu Monasteries, it lies in the Secu Valley.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR237-07
Romania, Moldavia, Secu Monastery: the white-painted church, with wellhouse in the right foreground. The monastery has a very valuable treasury, dating from 1602.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR237-06
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania. Here: the imposing entrance and Pirgul Belltower.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR237-05
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania. Here: the Baptistry, outside the main gate.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR237-04
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania. Here: a young Orthodox monk.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR237-02
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR237-01
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania. Here: three young novitiates.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR236-12
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania. Here: a sounding iron, beaten rythmically to call to prayers.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR236-11
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania. A 2-storey wing containing the monks' cells.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR236-10
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania. Here: the Pirgul Belltower, the oldest surviving building.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque, oxen cart

PMR236-09
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt Monastery: the church in the grounds was built by Stephen the Great in 1497 on the site of an older one. A repository for learning for centuries, with a valuable library, printing shop, museum and hundreds of sheep and cattle. The largest and oldest monastery in Romania.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR235-04
Romania, Moldavia, Sucevita: the monastery church from the entry gate. Founded by the Movila Brothers and built in 1582-4, it was the last of the "painted monasteries" to be completed. The fresco "Ladder of the Virtues" on the north wall of the church, is one of the most highly regarded.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR235-03
Romania, Moldavia, Sucevita: the monastery well, showing the grounds and massive ring wall, 6 metres high and 3 metres thick, with octagonal towers on each corner. Founded by the Movila Brothers and built in 1582-4, it was the last of the "painted monasteries" to be completed.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR235-02
Romania, Moldavia, Sucevita: the monastery church. Founded by the Movila Brothers and built in 1582-4, it was the last of the "painted monasteries" to be completed. Figures of saints and apostles on the east apse.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR235-01
Romania, Moldavia, Sucevita: the monastery church with built-on vestibule. Founded by the Movila Brothers and built in 1582-4, it was the last of the "painted monasteries" to be completed. View of the living quarters, ring wall and defence tower, from the vestibule.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR234-12
Romania, Moldavia, Sucevita: the monastery church with built-on vestibule. Founded by the Movila Brothers and built in 1582-4, it was the last of the "painted monasteries" to be completed.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, picturesque

PMR234-09
Romania, Moldavia, Vatra Moldovitei: the frescoed church of Moldovita Monastery: frescoes on the south wall: "the tree of Esau", and, left, the Persian siege of Constantinople.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, countryside, picturesque

PMR234-08
Romania, Moldavia, Vatra Moldovitei: bust of Petru Rares, who founded Mondovita Monastery in 1532, with the entrance to the museum in the background.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, countryside, farmland, picturesque, statue, monument, sculpture

PMR234-07
Romania, Moldavia, Vatra Moldovitei: the frescoed church of Moldovita Monastery, showing the vestibule and a nun rythmically striking a plank with a hammer, as the call to prayers.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, countryside, picturesque

PMR234-06
Romania, Moldavia, Vatra Moldovitei: the frescoed church of Moldovita Monastery, showing the defensive ring-wall and gate house.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, landscape, countryside, farmland, picturesque

PMR232-10
Romania, Alba, Aiud: fortified church or citadel dating from 14th-16th centuries, which provided protection for the townspeople in times of danger.
Keywords: fortifications, defence, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, rustical, rural, picturesque

PMR222-01
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: view of the town and fortress with the Kaiser mountains in the background, with autumn foliage in the foreground.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR221-12
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: Auracher Löchl, showing the arched bridge with frescoes.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR221-11
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: Auracher Löchl, a picturesque corner of old Kufstein.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR221-10
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: the fortress yard and "Peacock Gate", overlooked by the Emperor's Tower.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR221-09
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: the Kaiserturm (Emperor's Tower), central strongpoint of the fortress, built in 1522.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR221-08
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: casemates of the fortress, and view along the Inn valley towards Innsbruck.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR221-07
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: view of the river, the railway station, and part of the town, from the fortress.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR221-06
Austria, Tyrol, Kufstein: River Inn promenade with the fortress in the background.
Keywords: alpine, picturesque, Alps, historic, culture, national heritage, colourful, mediaeval, medieval, defence, fortifications, border-town

PMR210-07
Israel, Jerusalem: the magnificent Dome of the Rock, built on the site of the third Jewish temple by Kalif Abd el-Malik between 687 and 691 AD, remains basically as it was built. The cladding is marble below and Persian faience tiles above. Chapel of Ascension (under restoration) in the background.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Muslim, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque, architecture, colourful, perfection

PMR210-06
Israel, Jerusalem: El-Aqsa Mosque shares the temple hill with the Dome of the Rock. Its 7 aisles can accommodate 5000 worshippers. It was built between 705 and 715 AD by Kalid Al-Walid, but rebuilt in 1035 after an earthquake.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR210-05
Israel, Jerusalem: fountain for ablutions before entering the Dome of the Rock.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque, mosque

PMR210-03
Israel, Jerusalem: entrance to the holy ground on which the Dome of the Rock is built, is through this arched portal.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque, mosque

PMR210-02
Israel, Jerusalem: the magnificent Dome of the Rock, built on the site of the third Jewish temple by Kalif Abd el-Malik between 687 and 691 AD, remains basically as it was built. The cladding is marble below and Persian faience tiles above.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Muslim, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque, architecture, colourful, perfection, mosque

PMR210-01
Israel, Jerusalem: the magnificent Dome of the Rock, built on the site of the third Jewish temple by Kalif Abd el-Malik between 687 and 691 AD, remains basically as it was built. The cladding is marble below and Persian faience tiles above.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Muslim, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque, architecture, colourful, perfection, mosque

PMR209-12
Israel, Jerusalem: the Western (Wailing) Wall in late afternoon with the Mount of Olives in the background. Men approach the wall on the left, women on the right.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR209-11
Israel, Jerusalem: the Damascus Gate, the main entrance to the old city from the north-west.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR209-10
Israel, Jerusalem: view of the Mount of Olives and Dome of the Rock, from the tower of the Church of the Redeemer.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR209-08
Israel, Herodion: a hilltop fortress near Bethlehem built by Herod the Great in 39 BC as a retreat and mausoleum. View from a distance - the excavations are hidden in the concave hilltop.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, fortifications, defence, picturesque, archeology, ruin, excavations

PMR209-06
Israel, Herodion: a hilltop fortress near Bethlehem built by Herod the Great in 39 BC as a retreat and mausoleum. View of the Hills of Judea from the top, with many newly planted olive trees in the foreground.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, fortifications, defence, picturesque, archeology, ruin, excavations, landscape

PMR209-04
Israel, Herodion: a hilltop fortress near Bethlehem built by Herod the Great in 39 BC as a retreat and mausoleum. In the foreground is the Great Hall of the palace, with the baths complex behind.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, fortifications, defence, picturesque, archeology, ruin, excavations

PMR208-08
Israel, Jerusalem: the windmill, built (1857) by, and dedicated to, Sir Moses Montefiore, a benefactor of the city and founder of the Yemin Moshe quarter.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR208-07
Israel, Jerusalem: Mount Zion and the Church of the Dormition outside the walls of the old city, seen from Yemin Moshe.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR208-06
Israel, Jerusalem: the Church of All Nations and the Russian Church of Mary Magdalene, built in 1888 for Tsar Alexander III. In the foreground is Qidron Valley.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR208-04
Israel, Jerusalem: thousand-year-old olive trees in the Garden of Gethsemane are said to be seedlings of the trees which grew there in Christ's time.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR208-01
Israel, Jerusalem: newly completed (1985) housing on Mount Scopus, overlooking the old city.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-12
Israel, Jerusalem: Church of the Assumption, by the Garden of Gethsemane. The Virgin Mary lies buried 20 metres below the church.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-10
Israel, Jerusalem: Jewish graves on the Mount of Olives, a much sought-after site: according to Jewish belief the resurrection will start here.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-09
Israel, Jerusalem: a camel with owner on the Mount of Olives, with the old city, Dome of the Rock and El Aqsa Mosque in the background.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-08
Israel, Jerusalem: view of the old city with surrounding wall, from the Mount of Olives, with a Jewish graveyard in the foreground and Mount Zion at top left.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-07
Israel, Jerusalem: Russian-Orthodox entry arch (1869) to the Muristan (old city). The silver dome belongs to the tiny Church of St. John the Baptist, the oldest church in the city.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-06
Israel, Jerusalem: bazaar in the Muristan (old city), with the belltower of the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, dedicated by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1898.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-05
Israel, Jerusalem: family grave of Herod the Great. Herod himself was buried in Herodion however.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-04
Israel, Jerusalem: Zion Gate, still scarred from the fighting around the Jewish quarter in 1948.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-03
Israel, Jerusalem: view inside the Citadel, originally a palace of Herod the Great; later the palace of Pontius Pilate, garrison of the Roman X Legion, etc.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-02
Israel, Jerusalem: the city wall on the west side, with the Citadel and David's Tower, Present-day city wall and gates were built by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1537-41.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR207-01
Israel, Jerusalem: Church of the Dormition (built 1898) on Mount Zion marks the spot where the Virgin Mary died. A Christian graveyard in the foreground.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-10
Israel, Jerusalem: the Western (Wailing) Wall, with the Dome of the Rock behind, and Israeli flags in the foreground.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-09
Israel, Jerusalem: Jews, mostly schoolchildren, assembling in the square before the Western (Wailing) Wall, on the evening before the Sabbath.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-08
Israel, Jerusalem: Jaffa Gate, the main entrance to the city.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-07
Israel, Jerusalem: Israeli schoolgirls on the way to the Western Wall on the Sabath evening, singing patriotic songs. All dressed in blue and white.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-06
Israel, Jerusalem: soukh in the old city, with brassware stall.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-05
Israel, Jerusalem: Muslim graveyard outside the city wall on the north-east side, seen from the ramparts.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-04
Israel, Jerusalem: view of the Christian quarter and Dome of the Rock from the ramparts above the New Gate.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-03
Israel, Jerusalem: City Wall from the ramparts, looking south, past the Jaffa Gate; Mount Zion in the distance.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-02
Israel, Jerusalem: City Wall Promenade: view from the ramparts near the Jaffa Gate.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR206-01
Israel, Jerusalem: approaching the city, with the fortified walls and the Dome of the Rock already visible.
Keywords: historic, antiquity, tradition, culture, capital city, religious centre, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox, walled city, fortifications, defence, cosmopolitan, picturesque

PMR205-02
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. Northern Palace of Herod the Great: the circular middle terrace as seen from the upper terrace. A Roman siege camp site is visible in the background.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR205-01
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. Northern Palace of Herod the Great: part of a row of columns on the lower terrace.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-12
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. View from the lookout tower: stone quarry in the foreground, storerooms on the left, and the Dead Sea in the background.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-11
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. The synagogue, from Herod's time, the oldest synagogue so far discovered.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-10
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. Earth Ramp built by the Romans prior to storming the fortress. The site of the Roman siege camps (X Legion) are clearly to be seen.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-09
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. Washroom for visitors to the Western Palace of Herod. In the background: the swimming pool and a smaller royal residence.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-08
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. Pathway leading up to the Western Gate from Wadi Masada.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-07
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. Herodian swimming pool with steps leading down. Formerly lined with waterproof mortar. Everything above the black line has been reconstructed, below it is original.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-06
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. Columbarium, a round Herodian building with niches for the deposit of ashes of non-Jewish members of the garrison.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-05
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. A casemate in the curtain wall on the edge of a sheer drop; built by Herod the Great but later used as a dwelling by Byzantines and Jews.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR204-04
Israel, Dead Sea, Masada: a fortified rock plateau, on which Herod the Great built his palaces. Site of Roman siege in 37-31 BC when allegedly 900 Jews committed mass suicide. View of the snake path, cable car and car park, with the Dead Sea in the background. On the left, site of one of the Roman siege camps.
Keywords: desert, fortifications, defence, isolated, tragedy, historic, UNESCO Site, steep, impregnable

PMR203-10
Israel, Negev Desert: ruins of Avdat, a city founded in the third century BC by the Nabateans at a fork in the caravan route. View of the fortifications on Avdat's hill, taken from the roof of a ruined Roman dwelling house.
Keywords: desert, sandstone, geological, rock formations, barren, waterless, colourful, picturesque, archeology, historical

PMR-D3545
People's Republic of China, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou: restored city wall with statue of one of the builders of the Kaiser Canal.
Keywords: architecture, Middle Kingdom, Han, Asian, classical, defence, fortification, monument, sculpture

PMR-D3544
People's Republic of China, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou: restored city wall with gateway to the canal quayside.
Keywords: architecture, Middle Kingdom, Han, Asian, classical, defence, fortification

PMR-D3427
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Two of the five "foolish virgins" (New Testament parable) in the Paradise Porch, dating from about 1250.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3426
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Figure of Emperor Otto the Great, dating from about 1310, high on the west facade.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3425
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. A horizontal, carved stone gargoyle of a kneeling man near the cloisters.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving, sculpture, water-spout

PMR-D3424
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. East wing of the Romanesque cloisters
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3423
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Gothic South Transept, with the "Tonsure Chapel" at its foot.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3422
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The high Gothic nave, looking east, with the porphyry font, which probably goes back to the Ottonian cathedral, in the foreground.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3421
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The Miracle-working "black" Madonna and Child dating from about 1280, in the south aisle.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3420
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The five "foolish virgins" (New Testament parable) in the Paradise Porch, dating from about 1250.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3419
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The five "wise virgins" (New Testament parable) in the Paradise Porch, dating from about 1250.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3418
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Two of the five "wise virgins" (New Testament parable) in the Paradise Porch, dating from about 1250.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3417
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The Magdeburg Monument, carved by Ernst Barlach in 1929 for this site.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving, wood carving

PMR-D3416
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The last resting place of Emperor Otto I who died in 973, in the sanctuary.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3415
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Reclining bronze memorial to Archbishop Friedrich von Wettin who died in 1152, in the ambulatory.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3414
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Bronze memorial to Archbishop Wichmann von Seeburg who died in 1192, in the ambulatory.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3413
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Figure of St. Catherine, one of the cathedral's patrons, dating from about 1250.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3412
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Figure of "black" St. Maurice, one of the cathedral's patrons, dating from about 1250.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3411
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Carved oak misericords in the choir stalls, probably dating from the 14th century.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving, wood carving

PMR-D3410
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Noah's Ark and the flood, depicted on the pulpit.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3409
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Figures of Adam and Eve on the pulpit.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3408
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Figure of the Apostle Paul, supporting the pulpit.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3407
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. Statue of Empess Edith, wife of Otto I (?) in the west portal.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3406
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The magnificent Gothic west portal (echoes of Strasbourg?) surmounted by the figure of Emperor Otto I.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3404
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was this cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. View across the Domplatz (Cathedral Square).
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3401
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was the cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The east end of the choir, with ambulatory, apse and dwarf gallery, has a powerful effect.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3400
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg: the first Gothic building on German territory was this cathedral, which began as Romanesque in 1209. A fortification stood on the site already in 805. The towers were completed in 1520.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage, stone carving

PMR-D3353
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the impregnable Königstein Fortress (361 metres), seen from a harvested cornfield near the Pfaffenstein.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3352
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the impregnable Königstein Fortress (361 metres) towers over the surrounding landscape.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3330
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): model of the Königstein Fortress with the ca. 50 buildings within its walls.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3329
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the mighty Neues Zeughaus (New Armoury) (1816) through which a ramp leads from the entrance gate into the courtyard.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, defence, fortifications, historic, architecture, Baroque

PMR-D3328
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): outer and inner entrance gates (with ramp through the New Armoury Building) to the impregnable Königstein Fortress.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, defence, fortifications, historic, architecture, Baroque

PMR-D3327
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): erected by Elector Johann Georg I in 1621-2 the fortified Magdalenenburg in the Königstein Fortress provided living quarters for the court in the 2 upper storeys while the ground floor housed the provision store, below which was the wine cellar. On the right the clocktower (1901) with two bells.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3326
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the Neues Zeughaus (New Armoury) (1816) within the walls of the impregnable Königstein Fortress.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3325
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): a row of historic bronze cannons on the walls of Königstein Fortress, with the royal arms carved in stone on the corner.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3324
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): outer and inner entrance gates (with ramp) to the impregnable Königstein Fortress
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, defence, fortifications, historic, architecture, Baroque

PMR-D3323
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): a row of historic bronze cannons on the walls of Königstein Fortress.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3322
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the Baroque Friedrichsburg on the walls of the Königstein Fortress enjoyed panoramic views. Originally built in 1589, it was converted to Baroque in 1731, with the lower storey used to store armaments and the upper storey as a barqueting room. View of the River Elbe towards Rathen.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic, architecture

PMR-D3321
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the Baroque Friedrichsburg on the walls of the Königstein Fortress enjoyed panoramic views. Originally built in 1589, it was converted to Baroque in 1731, with the lower storey used to store armaments and the upper storey as a barqueting room.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic, architecture

PMR-D3320
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): view from the walls of the Königstein Fortress, 240 metres above the River Elbe, with one of the ornamental stone urns in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic, panorama, woods

PMR-D3319
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the Baroque Friedrichsburg on the walls of the Königstein Fortress enjoyed panoramic views. Originally built in 1589, it was converted to Baroque in 1731, with the lower storey used to store armaments and the upper storey as a barqueting room. Cannon in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic, architecture

PMR-D3318
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the Baroque Friedrichsburg on the walls of the Königstein Fortress enjoyed panoramic views. Originally built in 1589, it was converted to Baroque in 1731, with the lower storey used to store armaments and the upper storey as a barqueting room.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic, architecture

PMR-D3317
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): one of the historic cannons on the walls of Königstein Fortress, with the Lilienstein massif on the horizon.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3314
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): River Elbe and Königstein from the precipitous fortress walls.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic, panorama

PMR-D3313
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): one of the historic cannons on the walls of Königstein Fortress.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3312
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): castellated walls of the Königstein Fortress with a view of the surrounding countryside.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3311
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): defence towers on the precipitous walls of the Königstein Fortress with a view of the surrounding countryside.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3310
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): some of the 50 buildings on the Königstein, enclosed within the fortress walls.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3309
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): defence tower on the Königstein Fortress with a view of the surrounding countryside.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3308
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): defence tower on the Königstein Fortress with a view of the surrounding countryside.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3307
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): the impregnable Königstein Fortress towering above the eponymous resort.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, defence, fortifications, historic

PMR-D3303
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): part of the mediaeval fortress which existed in the Bastei from the early 13th century until 1469, now made accessible to visitors, showing its impregnable position on top of the vertical sandstone cliffs.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, nature, landscape, historic, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3302
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): visitors on the stone bridge leading to the Bastei fortifications amid spectacular sandstone rock outcrops and formations, with the Lilienstein outcrop visible in the distance.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, nature, landscape

PMR-D3301
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): visitors on the stone bridge leading to the Bastei fortifications amid spectacular sandstone rock outcrops and formations.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, nature, landscape

PMR-D3300
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): part of the mediaeval fortress which existed in the Bastei from the early 13th century until 1469, now made accessible to visitors, showing a contemporary rock-hurling catapult (reconstruction).
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, nature, landscape, historic, defence, fortifications, siege machine

PMR-D3298
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): part of the mediaeval fortress which existed in the Bastei from the early 13th century until 1469, now made accessible to visitors, showing the large covered water cistern, lower right.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, nature, landscape, historic, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3297
Germany, Swiss Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz): part of the mediaeval fortress which existed in the Bastei from the early 13th century until 1469, now made accessible to visitors, showing the spectacular sandstone rock formations.
Keywords: picturesque, heritage, Swiss Saxony, sandstone, outcrops, rock formations, fantastic, geology, geological, faults , erosion, nature, landscape, historic, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3283
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. View of the Upper (Old) Castle and its rock foundation.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3282
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. View of the Upper Castle.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3281
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. Upper Courtyard with Keep in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3280
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. Lower Gate and Bergfried (Keep).
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3279
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. View over the rooftops of the town, with church tower in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3278
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. View of the Lower (New) Castle over the rooftops of the town.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3277
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. View of the Lower (New) Castle over the rooftops of the town.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3276
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels. View from the valley.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3273
Germany, Saxony (Sächsische Schweiz), Hohnstein: Burg Hohnstein (Castle) dates back to the 12th century and has been held alternately by Bohemian and Saxon nobility whilst being constantly expanded. It now houses one of the largest youth hostels.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, Baroque, Saxon Switzerland, defence, fortifications

PMR-D3253
Czech Republic, Cheb: the Black Tower, rising above the walls of the castle which dates back to Emperor Frederick 1 Barbarossa in 1179. Built of Black Basalt, the tower was fortified, with very thick walls and an entrance at first-floor level.
Keywords: historic, architecture, heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, colourful, Eger, fortifications, buttresses

PMR-D3252
Czech Republic, Cheb: walls of the castle which dates back to Emperor Frederick 1 Barbarossa in 1179.
Keywords: historic, architecture, heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, colourful, Eger, fortifications, buttresses

PMR-D3251
Czech Republic, Cheb: walls of the castle which dates back to Emperor Frederick 1 Barbarossa in 1179, from the adjoining park.
Keywords: historic, architecture, heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, colourful, Eger, fortifications, buttresses

PMR-D3249
Czech Republic, Cheb: walls of the castle which dates back to Emperor Frederick 1 Barbarossa in 1179.
Keywords: historic, architecture, heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, colourful, Eger, fortifications, buttresses

PMR-D3029
Cyprus, Paphos: Paphos Castle dates back to Byzantine times, but has been rebuilt several times, lastly by the Turks.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, Aphrodite's birthplace, picturesque, historic, landscape, fortifications, defence

PMR-D3028
Cyprus, Paphos: Paphos Castle dates back to Byzantine times, but has been rebuilt several times, lastly by the Turks.
Keywords: Mediterranean, island, holiday resort, Aphrodite's birthplace, picturesque, historic, landscape, fortifications, defence

PMR186-12
Hungary, Esztergom: the ancient fortress shares its hill with the basilica. The remaining part of the town wall in the foreground has been repaired with a variety of different materials.
Keywords: picturesque, architecture, culture, historic , heritage, defence, fortifications

PMR185-08
Hungary, Budapest: Vajdahunyad Castle, copied from the original in Hunedoara (now in Romania) for the millenary celebrations. Also incorporated are a Romanesque Chapel, Gothic Fortifications, and a Renaissance Wing etc. Altogether 21 historic Hungarian buildings are in part reproduced.. View from the south-west.
Keywords: traditional, architecture, capital city, metropolis, culture, historic , heritage, picturesque, reflections

PMR185-07
Hungary, Budapest: Vajdahunyad Castle, copied from the original in Hunedoara (now in Romania) for the millenary celebrations. Also incorporated are a Romanesque Chapel, Gothic Fortifications, and a Renaissance Wing etc. Altogether 21 historic Hungarian buildings are in part reproduced.. View from the south-east.
Keywords: traditional, architecture, capital city, metropolis, culture, historic , heritage, picturesque, reflections

PMR181-03
Germany, Baden Wurttemberg, Michelstadt in the Oden Forest: part of the old town wall and a defence tower, with footbridge over the moat.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, traditional, Odenwald, fortifications

PMR181-02
Germany, Baden Wurttemberg, Michelstadt in the Oden Forest: Biergarten zum Bienentor ("Beergarden at the Bees' Gate"), with beehive as pub-sign. The town wall with defenders' gallery and Bees' Gate in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, colourful, historic, heritage, mediaeval, architecture, traditional, Odenwald, fortifications

PMR169-02
U.S.A., California, San Francisco: Golden Gate Suspension Bridge, opened in 1937, until 1964 the longest suspension bridge in the world. View inside the 19th century fort, built to deter the English from entering San Francisco Bay.
Keywords: architecture, metropolis, heritage, picturesque, historical, culture, coastal city, engineering, link, artery, defence, fortifications

PMR148-09
Romania, Transylvania, Sighisoara (Schassburg): a living museum-town of the middle ages: fortifications around the outer main gate to the old town.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, historical, heritage, mediaeval, UNESCO, defence, fortifications, Saxons, Schäßburg, Siebenburgen, cobblestones

PMR148-02
Romania, Transylvania, Sighisoara (Schassburg): a living museum-town of the middle ages: a street in the old town, approaching the massive 12th-century fortified citadel.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, historical, heritage, mediaeval, UNESCO, defence, fortifications, Saxons, Schäßburg

PMR146-04
Bulgaria, Veliko Tarnovo: capital of the second Bulgarian Empire 1185-1396 (when the Turks arrived): the mighty fortification walls with guard towers. The 13th century Balduin Tower (top left) is being restored. The remains of 22 churches have been uncovered up to the present.
Keywords: capital city, architecture, heritage, culture, historic, archeology, excavations, ancient, mediaeval, ruins, City of the Tsars

PMR146-03
Bulgaria, Veliko Tarnovo: capital of the second Bulgarian Empire 1185-1396 (when the Turks arrived): the mighty fortification walls with guard towers. The remains of 22 churches have been uncovered up to the present.
Keywords: capital city, architecture, heritage, culture, historic, archeology, excavations, ancient, mediaeval, ruins, City of the Tsars

PMR082-05
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Sinwell Tower stands inside the Imperial Castle, rebuilt during the 15th and 16th centuries after its destruction in 1420. The building in the foreground houses the "Deep Well", 53 metres deep.
Keywords: Nürnberg, fortress, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR-D2663
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles.
Closer view of the ornate main entrance gate, the upper arch filled with "muqarnas".
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2660
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View from the palace of the 1578 AD Ottoman mosque, and a farmer's dwelling.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2659
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View from the palace of a small. modern mosque.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2658
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles.
The mosque, seen from the inner courtyard.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2657
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. The largest room in the Haremlik is the salon, with glass roof and colonnades.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2656
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View across the plain, over modern Dogubayazit towards Mount Ararat.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2655
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2654
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2653
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View across the plain, over modern Dogubayazit towards Mount Ararat.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2652
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View from the palace of the ruined Urartian fortress, rock tombs, & 16th century Ottoman mosque.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2651
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles.
The marvellously decorated portal to the Haremlik.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2650
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles.
The mosque, seen from the inner courtyard.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2649
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View through an arch of the mosque and minaret (part of the palace).
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2648
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles.
The ornate main entrance gate.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2647
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View from the palace of the ruins of a fortress from Urartian era, perhaps 800 BC or older.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2646
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View of the palace (elevation 2200m.) , backed by rugged cliffs, from below.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2645
Turkey, Dogubayazit, Anatolia: Ishak Pasha Palace was begun in 1685 by Cholak Abdi Pasha and completed in 1784 by his son, a Kurdish chieftain, also named Ishak. The architecture is a mixture of Seljuk, Ottoman, Georgian, Persian and Armenian styles. View of the palace (elevation 2200m.) , backed by rugged cliffs, from below.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, photogenic, minaret, landscape, cliffs

PMR-D2610
Iran, Takht-e Soleiman (Soloman's Throne): lying on an isolated plain at 2152 m. this was a centre of Zoroastrianism in the 3rd century AD which survives in a ruined state. Later additions were made by the Sassanids and Ilkhanids. Part of the imposing defence fortifications which still survives.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, religion, architecture, Zoroaster, Zarathustra, fire temple, UNESCO

PMR-D2609
Iran, Takht-e Soleiman (Soloman's Throne): lying on an isolated plain at 2152 m. this was a centre of Zoroastrianism in the 3rd century AD which survives in a ruined state. Later additions were made by the Sassanids and Ilkhanids. View of the site and fortifications from a neighbouring hill.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, religion, architecture, Zoroaster, Zarathustra, fire temple, UNESCO, Soleyman

PMR-D2608
Iran, Takht-e Soleiman (Soloman's Throne): lying on an isolated plain at 2152 m. this was a centre of Zoroastrianism in the 3rd century AD which survives in a ruined state. Later additions were made by the Sassanids and Ilkhanids. View of the site and fortifications from a neighbouring hill, with volcano Zendan-e Soleiman in the distance.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, religion, architecture, Zoroaster, Zarathustra, fire temple, UNESCO, Soleyman

PMR-D2607
Iran, Takht-e Soleiman (Soloman's Throne): lying on an isolated plain at 2152 m. this was a centre of Zoroastrianism in the 3rd century AD which survives in a ruined state. Later additions were made by the Sassanids and Ilkhanids. View of the site and fortifications from a neighbouring hill.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, religion, architecture, Zoroaster, Zarathustra, fire temple, UNESCO

PMR-D2606
Iran, Takht-e Soleiman (Soloman's Throne): lying on an isolated plain at 2152 m. this was a centre of Zoroastrianism in the 3rd century AD which survives in a ruined state. Later additions were made by the Sassanids and Ilkhanids. The stream of water from the crater lake runs out in front of the fortifications.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, religion, architecture, Zoroaster, Zarathustra, fire temple, UNESCO

PMR-D2397
Iran, Shiraz: Arg-e Karim Khan (Citadel) was built in the early Zand period, as part of Karim Khan's royal court. It has four corner towers featuring ornamental brickwork, the south-eastern one leaning outwards due to subsidence.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, religion, architecture, fortress, castle, fortifications

PMR-D2396
Iran, Shiraz: Arg-e Karim Khan (Citadel) was built in the early Zand period, as part of Karim Khan's royal court. It has four corner towers featuring ornamental brickwork, the south-eastern one leaning outwards due to subsidence.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, religion, architecture, fortress, castle, fortifications

PMR-D2364
Iran, Shush: Chateau de Morgan, built by the French Archeological Service between 1897 and 1912, adjoins the archeological site of the Palace of Darius.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, mosque, religion, architecture, castle, crenellations, fortifications

PMR-D2359
Iran, Shush: Chateau de Morgan, built by the French Archeological Service between 1897 and 1912, adjoins the archeological site of the Palace of Darius.
Keywords: Persia, Islam, Shi-ite, Muslim, mosque, religion, architecture, castle, crenellations, fortifications

PMR-D2327
Turkey, Anatolia: Güzelzu ruined fortress in north-eastern Anatolia.
Keywords: architecture, picturesque, culture, historic, heritage, fortifications, castle, ruin

PMR-D2214
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: admministrative wing of the 14-15th century Heilig Geist Spital, now an old people's home, with reflections in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR-D2218
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Kreuzigung Hof (Crucifixion Court) in the 14-15th century Heilig Geist Spital, now an old people's home, takes its name from the crucifixion sculpture on the far wall.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR-D2217
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: admministrative wing of the 14-15th century Heilig Geist Spital, now an old people's home, with reflections in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR-D2216
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: admministrative wing of the 14-15th century Heilig Geist Spital, now an old people's home, with reflections in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR-D1999
Northumberland: Warkworth Castle - fortified entry tower and moat.
Keywords: architecture, defence, fortifications, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, park, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1998
Northumberland: Warkworth Castle.
Keywords: architecture, defence, fortifications, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, park, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1994
Northumberland: Warkworth Castle (12th century).
Keywords: architecture, defence, fortifications, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, park, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1993
England, Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall, built in the 2nd century AD.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1992
England, Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall, built in the 2nd century AD, at one of the crossing points.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1991
Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1990
Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1989
England, Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall, built in the 2nd century AD.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1988
England, Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall, built in the 2nd century AD.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1987
England, Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall, built in the 2nd century AD. Crag Lough in the background.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1986
England, Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall, built in the 2nd century AD.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1985
Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1984
Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1983
Northumberland: ruins of Roman Housesteads Fort (NT)(AD 122) - granary floor supports.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1982
England, Northumberland: ruins of Roman Housesteads Fort
(National Trust), founded about 122 AD and one of 16 forts adjoining Hadrian's Wall.
Keywords: heritage, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque

PMR-D1981
Northumberland: Hadrian's Wall at Housesteads Fort (NT).
Keywords: architecture, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1980
Northumberland: ruins of Roman Housesteads Fort (AD 122) (NT) - the latrines.
Keywords: architecture, defence, fortifications , archeology, preservation, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1976
Northumberland: Lindisfarne Castle (NT).
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1975
Northumberland: Lindisfarne Castle (NT).
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1974
Northumberland: Lindisfarne Castle (NT).
Keywords: architecture, heritage, picturesque, culture, historic, ancestral home, estate, preservation, conservation, castle, fortifications

PMR-D1973
England, Northumberland, Holy Island, Lindisfarne Castle (National Trust), on its whinstone hill, Beblowe Hill, was founded in the 16th century but much modified by Sir Edwin Lutyens at the beginning of the 20th century.
Here, the walled garden, planned by Gertrude Jekyll, a short distance from the castle.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1972
England, Northumberland, Holy Island, Lindisfarne Castle (National Trust), on its whinstone hill, Beblowe Hill, was founded in the 16th century but much modified by Sir Edwin Lutyens at the beginning of the 20th century.
Here, the walled garden, planned by Gertrude Jekyll, a short distance from the castle.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1971
England, Northumberland, Holy Island, Lindisfarne Castle (National Trust), on its whinstone hill, Beblowe Hill, was founded in the 16th century but much modified by Sir Edwin Lutyens at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1970
Northumberland: Lindidfarne Castle (NT).
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1969
England, Northumberland, Holy Island, Lindisfarne Castle (National Trust), on its whinstone hill, Beblowe Hill, was founded in the 16th century but much modified by Sir Edwin Lutyens at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1968
England, Northumberland, Holy Island, Lindisfarne Castle (National Trust), on its whinstone hill, Beblowe Hill, was founded in the 16th century but much modified by Sir Edwin Lutyens at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR-D1967
England, Northumberland, Holy Island, Lindisfarne Castle (National Trust), on its whinstone hill, Beblowe Hill, was founded in the 16th century but much modified by Sir Edwin Lutyens at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, castle, conservation, preservation, estate, ancestral home, historic, culture, picturesque, heritage

PMR147K-25
Germany, Bavaria, Upper Franconia, Bamberg: a cobbled street and a timber-framed house in the old town, with two of the cathedral towers in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, Franconia, fortifications, defence, cobblestones, national heritage, mediaeval, historical

PMR147K-19
Germany, Bavaria, Freystadt: the ObererTor (Upper Gate) survives, but the rest of the mediaeval town wall has gone.
Keywords: picturesque, historical, mediaeval, national heritage, defence, fortifications, Franconia

PMR147K-16
Germany, Bavaria, Hilpoltstein: the surviving doorway to the castle, with mediaeval stone carvings.
Keywords: picturesque, historical, mediaeval, national heritage, cobblestones, defence, fortifications, Franconia

PMR147K-14
Germany, Bavaria, Hilpoltstein: 22-metre-high tower (keep) of the mediaeval castle, dating from the 13th century.
Keywords: picturesque, historical, mediaeval, national heritage, defence, fortifications, Franconia

PMR487-04
Island of Crete, Iraklion: fishing boats in the harbour with the Venetian fortress in the background.
Keywords: mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, reflections, defence, fortifications

PMR485-02
Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, Lubeck: Holstentor Square, with the towers of the Marienkirche and Petrikirche and the old, brick, salt warehouses.
Keywords: mediaeval, red brick, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR485-01
Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, Lubeck: Holstentor, with its famous twin towers, was built between 1464 and 1478, and now houses the local history museum. Roses in the foreground.
Keywords: mediaeval, red brick, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR484-04
Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, Lubeck: Burgtor, a fortified gateway built during the 13th to 15th centuries to defend the north entrance to the town.
Keywords: mediaeval, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR477-11
Germany, Bavaria, Straubing: a high fortified wall surrounds the Basilica of St. Peter and its graveyard.
Keywords: historical, fortifications, defence, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR469-10
Romania. Transylvania, Sighisoara: the massive tower of the citadel, last rebuilt in 1676 after a fire, with clock, carillon and fading frescoes, is designed to withstand the toughest of sieges.
Keywords: mediaeval, Schaessburg, Siebenbürgen, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications, defence, Saxon Land

PMR469-09
Romania. Transylvania, Sighisoara: one of the narrow, cobbled alleys in the old quarter, showing the thickness of some of the house walls.
Keywords: mediaeval, Schaessburg, Siebenbürgen, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications, defence, Saxon Land

PMR469-08
Romania. Transylvania, Sighisoara: a pictureque row of mediaeval houses in the old quaerter on the hill.
Keywords: mediaeval, cobblestones, colourful, Schaessburg, Siebenbürgen, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications, defence, Saxon Land

PMR469-07
Romania. Transylvania, Sighisoara: one of 16 defence towers, each of which was maintained and manned by one of the guilds during the middle-ages.
Keywords: mediaeval, Saxon Land, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, Siebenbürgen, Schaessburg

PMR469-06
Romania. Transylvania, Sighisoara: view of the fortress tower, 64 metres high, built in the 14th century, from one of the bastions.
Keywords: mediaeval, Saxon Land, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, Siebenbürgen, Schaessburg

PMR469-05
Romania. Transylvania: a typical fortified church with gate tower near Brateiu.
Keywords: mediaeval, Siebenbürgen, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications, defence, Hermannstadt, Saxon Land

PMR469-04
Romania. Transylvania, Medias: view of the town square, with the spire of the Gothic church prominent. The church is protected by a fortified wall with gate tower.
Keywords: mediaeval, fortifications, defence, Saxon Land, national heritage, picturesque, Siebenbürgen, Mediasch

PMR468-12
Romania. Transylvania, Sibiu: a section of the town wall and bastion, showing the wooden gallery for defenders.
Keywords: mediaeval, Siebenbürgen, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications, defence, Hermannstadt, Saxon Land

PMR468-06
Romania. Transylvania, Sibiu: Strada Morilor with a remaining section of the fortified town wall and defence tower.
Keywords: mediaeval, Siebenbürgen, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications, defence, Hermannstadt, Saxon Land

PMR468-05
Romania. Transylvania, Sibiu: the high town walls protected the inhabitants from attacks by Turk and Tatar for 800 years.
Keywords: mediaeval, Siebenbürgen, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications, defence, Hermannstadt, Saxon Land

PMR464-02
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt: the mighty entrance gate and Pigul Belltower of Romania's largest and oldest monastery (Manastirea Neamt), which dates back to the 14th century, but was rebuilt by Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) in 1497. These fortifications withstood countless attacks over the centuries and offered refuge for the local population.
Keywords: mediaeval, defence, fortifications, fortified, Christian, Orthodox, architecture

PMR464-01
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt: view inside the compound of Romania's largest and oldest monastery (Manastirea Neamt), which dates back to the 14th century, but was rebuilt by Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) in 1497. Approximately 60 monks live in the rooms off the gallery.
Keywords: mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, fortified, fortifications, defence

PMR463-12
Romania, Moldavia, Neamt: the monastery church of Romania's largest and oldest monastery (Manastirea Neamt), dates back to the 14th century, but was rebuilt by Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) in 1497.
Keywords: mediaeval, defence, fortifications, fortified, Christian, Orthodox, architecture

PMR463-04
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Humor: a solitary defence tower is all that remains of the monastery's fortifications; in the background is the new Orthodox church.
Keywords: frescoes, Christian, Orthodox, architecture, mediaeval, painted monastery, colourful, defence

PMR462-10
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Arbore: decorated gravestones in the monastery graveyard.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, Christian, Orthodox, architecture, mediaeval, painted monastery, colourful

PMR462-09
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Arbore: colourful frescoes which cover the walls of the church, built by a Moldavian dignitary, Luca Arbore, in 1503. The frescoes were painted by Dragos Coman in 1541.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, Christian, Orthodox, architecture, mediaeval, painted monastery, colourful

PMR462-08
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Arbore: portal with carved inscription above and some of the frescoes which cover the walls of the church, built by a Moldavian dignitary, Luca Arbore, in 1503.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, Christian, Orthodox, architecture, mediaeval, painted monastery, colourful

PMR462-07
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Arbore: colourful frescoes which cover the walls of the church, built by a Moldavian dignitary, Luca Arbore, in 1503.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, Christian, Orthodox, architecture, mediaeval, painted monastery, colourful

PMR462-06
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Arbore: repairs to the frescoes which cover the walls of the church, built by a Moldavian dignitary, Luca Arbore, in 1503.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, Christian, Orthodox, architecture, mediaeval, painted monastery, colourful

PMR462-03
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Putna: the treasury tower of the monastery, founded in 1466-70 by Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great), has survived intact from the 15th century.
Keywords: frescoes, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, fortifications

PMR462-02
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Putna: the monastery church, founded in 1466-70 by Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great), with the belltower, built in 1886, in the background.
Keywords: frescoes, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, fortifications

PMR462-01
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Putna: the monastery church with its east-end apse, founded in 1466-70 by Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great).
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, Christian, Orthodox, architecture, mediaeval, painted monastery, colourful

PMR461-12
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Putna: the monastery church, founded in 1466-70 by Stefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great), with one of the defence towers in the background.
Keywords: frescoes, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian, fortifications

PMR461-09
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Sucevita: view of the fortified monastery compound with the church in the centre, surrounded by the Carpathian hills. The largest and finest of the Bucovina monasteries and last to be built.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian

PMR461-08
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Sucevita: view of the fortified monastery compound with the church in the centre, surrounded by the Carpathian hills. The largest and finest of the Bucovina monasteries and last to be built.
Keywords: frescoes, fortifications, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian

PMR461-07
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Sucevita: view of the fortifications from inside the monastery walls.
Keywords: frescoes, defence, colourful, painted monastery, mediaeval, architecture, Orthodox, Christian

PMR461-03
Romania, Southern Bucovina, Sucevita: defensive walls and corner bastions of Sucevita Monastery.
Keywords: countryside, green hills, scenery, rustical, mediaeval, fortifications, defence

PMR515-09
Italy, Campania, Island of Procida: semi-ruined Castello on Terra Murata, with Cape Miseno on the mainland in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, ruin, defence, fortifications, fortress, Flegrean Islands

PMR515-04
Italy, Campania, Island of Procida: the harbour at Corricella from the quayside, with the Castello in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, Flegrean Islands, defence, fortifications, fortress, fishing boats

PMR515-03
Italy, Campania, Island of Procida: the harbour at Corricella from the quayside, with the Castello in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, Flegrean Islands, defence, fortifications, fortress, fishing boats

PMR505-05
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view in the lower enceinte, with the belvedere of the middle ward nearest.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR505-04
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: wild flowers in the lower enceinte, looking towards the buildings of the middle ward.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, crag, commanding view, ruined castle, fortifications

PMR505-03
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: wild flowers in the lower enceinte, looking towards the barbican.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, crag, commanding view, ruined castle, fortifications

PMR505-02
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: the lower enceinte, showing the outer wall and barbican, the main entrance.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR505-01
Cyprus (North); St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: part of the lower enceinte and corner watch tower, with Giant Fennel flower (Ferula communis).
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, crag, commanding view, ruined castle, fortifications

PMR504-12
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: Prince John's Tower, from whence this monarch's bodyguard were forced to jump in 1373, for suspected treasonous intentions!
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR504-11
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: the upper enceinte or courtyard may have been planted with useful herbs in Byzantine times.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR504-10
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view of the village of Karmi through "the Queen's Window", where, it is said, the queen was wont to pass the time.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR504-09
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view of the village of Karmi through a Gothic window frame in the former royal apartments.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, crag, commanding view, ruined castle, fortifications

PMR504-08
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: the remains of one of the west-facing rooms, built into the rock, with part of the coastal plain in the background.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR504-07
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view to the north over a jumble of rocks.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR504-06
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view to the west with the village of Karmi and the north coastal plain.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, crag, commanding view, ruined castle, fortifications

PMR504-05
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view from the highest point, showing the approach road and Kyrenia Mountains. The level area was used by the Crusaders for jousting tournaments.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR504-04
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view of Girne/Kyrenia, with a few blackened trees still visible from the great bush fire of 1995.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, crag, commanding view, ruined castle, fortifications

PMR504-03
Cyprus (North): St. Hilarion Castle, "a picture-book castle for elf-kings" (Rose Macaulay). Named after a seventh-century hermit, the almost impregnable site has been a monastery, a fortress and a royal palace, occupied by Crusaders, Lusignans, Byzantines, Venetians and lastly used as a Turkish retreat from EOKA attacks in 1964. Here: view of Girne/Kyrenia and the north coastal plain.
Keywords: rocky pinnacle, fortifications, ruined castle, commanding view, crag

PMR500-12
Cyprus (North), Lefkosa/ North Nicosia: Kyrenia Gate, showing part of the adjoining city wall, broken through for the modern road.
Keywords: Lefkosa, fortifications, defences

PMR496-08
Island of Crete, Rethimnon: inside the enormous Venetian fortress; in the foreground is the roof of a storeroom which is in the process of restoration.
Keywords: national heritage, castle, historic, archeological, archeology, fortifications, defence

PMR496-07
Island of Crete, Aptera: the old Turkish fortress commands the passage of all shipping into and out of Soudha port.
Keywords: national heritage, vantage point, castle, fortifications, defence, historic

PMR496-06
Island of Crete, Aptera: view across Soudha Bay to Akrotiri with currently used fortress in the foreground, and the heavily defended island of Nea Soudha.
Keywords: national heritage, fortifications, defence, landscape, coastline

PMR458-10
Austria, Dürnstein in the Wachau: vineyards below the town, overlooked by the ruins of the castle where Richard the Lionheart was allegedly imprisoned until discovered by his faithful servant, Blondel.
Keywords: mediaeval, countryside, rustical, defence, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque

PMR458-07
Austria, Dürnstein in the Wachau: houses built against the steep, rocky mountainside, overlooked by the remains of the old town fortifications.
Keywords: mediaeval, defence, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR457-11
Slovakia, Bratislava: Bratislava Fortress (Hrad), visible for miles around, was destroyed in a fire in 1811, rebuilt from 1953. The first fortress on this site was built by the Slavs in the 9th century. Known locally as "the bedstead".
Keywords: mediaeval, capital city, Pressburg, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR454-12
Austria, Salzkammergut, Radstadt: one of the towers of the 13th century ramparts which are still largely intact.
Keywords: alpine, Alps, alpine scenery, picturesque, countryside, autumn colours, defence, fortifications

PMR453-04
Poland, Stargard: the oldest town gate is the Brama Pyrzycka from the end of the 13th century.
Keywords: mediaeval, historic, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR453-03
Poland, Stargard: towers belonging to the town's fortifications built in the late 15th century, now used as a museum.
Keywords: mediaeval, historic, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR450-06
Estonia, Narva: the tower "Langer Hermann" in Hermann's Fortress stands eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russian fortress Ivangorod, on the opposite side of the River Narva. It now houses a number of museums.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, national heritage, mediaeval, fortifications, defence

PMR450-05
Estonia, Narva: the Russian fortress Ivangorod from the walls of Hermann's Fortress with historic mortar in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, national heritage, mediaeval, fortifications, defence

PMR450-04
Estonia, Narva: the Russian fortress Ivangorod from the bank of the River Narva.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, national heritage, mediaeval, fortifications, defence

PMR450-03
Estonia, Narva: the Russian fortress Ivangorod from the walls of Hermann's Fortress.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, national heritage, mediaeval, fortifications, defence

PMR450-02
Estonia, Narva: the tower "Langer Hermann" in Hermann's Fortress stands eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russian fortress Ivangorod, on the opposite side of the River Narva. It now houses a number of museums.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, national heritage, mediaeval, fortifications, defence

PMR448-11
Estonia, Tallinn: four of the remaining defence towers on the town wall. In the 17th century there were 50 such towers and each had a name.
Keywords: city, fortifications, mediaeval, national heritage, historic, picturesque, capital city, metropolis, architecture

PMR448-10
Estonia, Tallinn: town wall with defence towers and wooden gallery.
Keywords: city, fortifications, architecture, metropolis, capital city, picturesque, historic, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR446-07
Lithuania, Trakai: one of the mighty corner-towers of the castle, from the wooden bridge.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, mediaeval, defence, fortifications, red brick, architecture

PMR446-06
Lithuania, Trakai: view of the old, original walls and steps of the castle from the grassy moat.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, mediaeval, defence, fortifications, architecture

PMR446-05
Lithuania, Trakai: gatehouse tower of the castle reflected in the waters of Lake Galves.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, mediaeval, defence, fortifications, red brick, architecture

PMR446-04
Lithuania, Trakai: reflections of the castle through the trees on Lake Galves.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, mediaeval, defence, fortifications, red brick, architecture

PMR446-02
Lithuania, Trakai: the castle with wooden access bridge. Built in the 14th century as a refuge from the knights of the Teutonic Order.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, mediaeval, defence, fortifications, sailing boats, red brick, architecture

PMR446-01
Lithuania, Trakai: yachts on Lake Galves with the castle on its island in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, historic, mediaeval, defence, fortifications, sailing boats, red brick, architecture

PMR445-12
Poland, Ketrzyn: Hitler's "Wolfsschanze" ("Wolf's Redoubt") near the Russian border was to be his eastern HQ and consists of nearly 40 massive concrete bunkers which the Nazis attempted to blow up in the face of the Russian advance:
umber 2 mess bunker. In a similar bunker not far away Graf von Stauffenberg made his abortive attempt on Hitler's life with a bomb.
Keywords: defence, assassination attempt, Graf von Stauffenberg, Eastern Front, WWII, fortifications

PMR445-11
Poland, Ketrzyn: Hitler's "Wolfsschanze" ("Wolf's Redoubt") near the Russian border was to be his eastern HQ and consists of nearly 40 massive concrete bunkers which the Nazis attempted to blow up in the face of the Russian advance:
blown-out wall of Goering's personal bunker. Note the thickness of the roof.
Keywords: defence, assassination attempt, Graf von Stauffenberg, Eastern Front, WWII, fortifications

PMR445-10
Poland, Ketrzyn: Hitler's "Wolfsschanze" ("Wolf's Redoubt") near the Russian border was to be his eastern HQ and consists of nearly 40 massive concrete bunkers which the Nazis attempted to blow up in the face of the Russian advance:
Hitler's personal bunker had six entrances on the north side; the concrete roof was 8.5 metres thick. On top was an ant-aircraft gun post.
Keywords: defence, assassination attempt, Graf von Stauffenberg, Eastern Front, WWII, fortifications

PMR445-08
Poland, Ketrzyn: Hitler's "Wolfsschanze" ("Wolf's Redoubt") near the Russian border was to be his eastern HQ and consists of nearly 40 massive concrete bunkers which the Nazis attempted to blow up in the face of the Russian advance:
collapsed roof and twisted steel reinforcing bars with the encroaching forest.
Keywords: defence, assassination attempt, Graf von Stauffenberg, Eastern Front, WWII, fortifications

PMR435-09
Lithuania, Kaunas: Kaunas Castle, built in the late 13th century, was frequently besieged by the Crusaders and often changed sides.
Keywords: photogenic, historic, heritage, fortifications, defence, old quarter

PMR540-02
Slovenia, Bukovje: Predjama Castle, built into a system of natural caves in a 123-metre-high cliff, dates back to 1202, although the site has been occupied since prehistoric times. It was the refuge of the legendary15th century robber baron, Erazem of Predjama who held out for over a year under siege from Habsberg forces. It lies about 11 kilometres from Postojna.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, historic, architecture, defence, fortifications

PMR539-12
Slovakia, Kremnica: the 12-metre-high defence walls of the town, complete with bastions, were built in the early 14th century.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, defence, Kremnitz, national heritage, picturesque, historic

PMR539-11
Slovakia, Kremnica: the Gothic church of St. Catherine with separate belltower and turreted clocktower with gallery, standing within the walls of the castle, which is the best preserved mediaeval castle in the area.
Keywords: architecture, historic, picturesque, national heritage, Kremnitz, mediaeval, defence, fortifications

PMR539-10
Slovakia, Kremnica: the Gothic church of St. Catherine with separate belltower and turreted clocktower with gallery, standing within the walls of the castle, which is the best preserved mediaeval castle in the area.
Keywords: architecture, historic, picturesque, national heritage, Kremnitz, mediaeval, defence, fortifications

PMR539-08
Slovakia, Zilina: Budatin Castle now houses the town's museum.
Keywords: defence, Sillein, historic, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, fortifications

PMR539-03
Slovakia, Zilina: entrance gate and former drawbridge of Strecno Castle which dates back to the early 14th century.
Keywords: defence, Sillein, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic, ruin

PMR539-02
Slovakia, Zilina: view of the River Vah from the ramparts of Strecno Castle, looking towards Zilina.
Keywords: defence, Sillein, fortifications, national heritage, mediaeval, historic, panorama

PMR539-01
Slovakia, Zilina: approach to Strecno Castle which dates back to the early 14th century.
Keywords: defence, Sillein, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic

PMR535-01
Syria, Palmyra: street scene with traffic island and fountain and fortress Qalaat ibn Maan in the background.
Keywords: Islam, fortifications, defence, metropolis, town, Muslim

PMR530-08
Iraq, Fortress/palace of Al-Ukhaidar: standing alone in the western desert, 48 kilometres south-west of kerbela, little is known of the builders, although thought to date from the early 8th century AD. However it stands on an important desert trade route. The entire building has recently been extensively renovated.
One of the courtyards, surrounded by arcades.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, defence, Muslim, Islam, natural heritage, Mesopotamia, picturesque, archeology, archeological

PMR530-07
Iraq, Fortress/palace of Al-Ukhaidar: standing alone in the western desert, 48 kilometres south-west of kerbela, little is known of the builders, although thought to date from the early 8th century AD. However it stands on an important desert trade route. The entire building has recently been extensively renovated.
Courtyard from the outer wall parapet; single storey buildings provide accommodation, the state rooms being at the rear.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, defence, Muslim, Islam, natural heritage, Mesopotamia, picturesque, archeology, archeological

PMR530-06
Iraq, Fortress/palace of Al-Ukhaidar: standing alone in the western desert, 48 kilometres south-west of kerbela, little is known of the builders, although thought to date from the early 8th century AD. However it stands on an important desert trade route. The entire building has recently been extensively renovated.
View of the fortress/palace from the road.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, defence, Muslim, Islam, natural heritage, Mesopotamia, picturesque, archeology, archeological

PMR522-08
Italy, Apulia, Gallipoli: part of the Castello, built at the end of the 15th century on Byzantine foundations, facing a modern tower-block.
Keywords: fishing boats, historic, mediaeval, defence, fortress, fortifications, architecture

PMR521-11
Italy, Sicily, Cefalu: Piazza Garibaldi, overlooked by the fortress on the Rocca di Cefalu.
Keywords: architecture, defence, fortifications, mediaeval, picturesque, culture, historic, national heritage

PMR518-04
Italy, Sicily, Castiglione: this mediaeval town clusters around the Arab-Norman fortifications on the top of a hill, about 20 kilometres from Taormina.
Keywords: picturesque, defence, Sicilia, national heritage, historic, landscape, architecture

PMR517-01
Italy, Campania, Acciaroli: tower and church from the harbour. Hemingway spent 3 months here in 1953. The town lies inside the boundary of the Cilento National Park.
Keywords: picturesque, defence, fortifications, fishing boats

PMR516-04
Italy, Campania, Flegrean Fields (Campi Flegri): the Castle of Baia, from its strategic vantage point, commands the Gulf of Pozzuoli.
Keywords: landscape, picturesque, volcanic, defence, fortress, fortifications

PMR142K-24
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: cafe of the Handwerkerhof (artisans' market) next to Königstor, which has a wide range of hand-made goods on offer.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-23
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Frauentor Gate, one of 4 principal round towers, in the south-west, named for the adjoining Klara Nunnery.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-22
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: one of the fortified towers in the Frauentor wall on the south side of the city.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-21
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Frauentor outer and inner fortified walls with towers and Frauentorgraben (moat) on the south side of the city.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-20
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Frauentor, fortified south wall of the city with roofed defenders' gallery, towers and dry moat.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-19
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: outer and inner fortified walls with defence towers on the south side of the city, with colourful autumn trees.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-18
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Königstrasse, with the twin towers of the Church of St. Laurence (Lorenzkirche) in the background.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-17
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Nassauer Haus, one of the best-preserved examples of mediaeval tower houses.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-16
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) erected 1389-96 by Heinrich Beheim in the Market Place, showing some of the 40 stone figures adorning the 19-metre-high Gothic spire.
Keywords: Nürnberg, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, autumn colours, fortifications, defence

PMR142K-15
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Gothic Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain), erected 1389-96 by Heinrich Beheim in the Market Place, with the twin spires of St. Sebald's cathedral behind, and shoppers in mediaeval dress.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-14
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the square "Beim Tiergärtner Tor" with the Kaiserburg (Imperial Castle) rising up in the background.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-13
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the restaurant "Zum Albrecht Dürer" in the square "Beim Tiergärtner Tor" overlooked by the Kaiserburg (Imperial Castle).
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-12
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Albrecht Dürer Haus, the timber-framed residence and workplace of Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528).
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-11
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the stone well in the square "Beim Tiergärtner Tor" surrounded by old timber-frame houses.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-10
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: gable and tower of the Palas (main building) in the Kaiserburg (Imperial Castle), with painted window shutters.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-09
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the half-timbered wellhouse in the forecourt of the Kaiserburg (Imperial Castle) , built in 1564, houses the Deep Well.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-08
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Kaiserburg (Imperial Castle) with Sinwell Tower, on its sandstone outcrop, dominates the city in the north.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-07
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Sinwell Tower (15-16 th century) in the Kaiserburg (Imperial Castle), built on a sandstone outcrop.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-06
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the impressive Renaissance facade of the Fembohaus, now the home of the City Museum.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR142K-05
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Laufer Schlagturm ("Strike-Tower") dating from 1250, named for its striking clock.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-29
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Heilig-Geist-Spital (Holy Ghost Hospital), built 1332-39, reflected in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-28
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Sinwell Tower in the 13th century Kaiserburg (Imperial Castle).
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-27
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: figure of St. George and the dragon on the corner of a building in "Beim Tiergärtnertor" Square.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-26
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: tower of the Tiergärtnertor (gate) where the road tunnels under the fortifications.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-25
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: half-timbered buildings in "Beim Tiergärtnertor" Square with the Imperial Fortress towering in the background.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-24
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg cafe in "Beim Tiergärtnertor" Square, overlooked by a wooden defence gallery on the city wall.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-23
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: defence wall in the west of the city with dry moat and tower in the distance.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-22
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: city wall in the west with defence tower just visible through autumn foliage.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-21
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Hallertor was the main gate in the weat wall of the mediaeval city and spans the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-20
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: fortified city wall with defence gallery, dry moat and towers, on the south side of the city.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-19
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: reflections of the Maxbrücke (bridge) and Hangman's House in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-18
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: burgher houses reflected in the River Pegnitz, from the old wooden Henkersteg (Hangman's Bridge).
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-17
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Hangman's House and former wine hall "Weinstadel", reflected in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-16
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Hangman's House and former wine hall "Weinstadel", reflected in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR141K-15
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: 14th century Gothic Church of Our Lady (Frauenkirche) with 16th century gable by Adam Krafft and carillon with figures of the seven Electors swearing allegiance to the Emperor in 1356.
Keywords: Nürnberg, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, reflections, autumn colours, fortifications, defence

PMR141K-14
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Gothic Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) in the Market Place, with the twin spires of St. Sebald's cathedral behind.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR124K-24
Germany, Saxony, Bautzen: the Nikolaiturm (Tower) (pre 1522), the northern gate through the town's fortifications.
Keywords: East Germany, "capital" of Oberlausitz, picturesque, architecture, historic, national heritage

PMR117K-20
Jordan, Al-Karak: the Crusader castle built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1142 AD, which was beseiged and taken by Saladin in 1183. View along the formidable defence walls and extensive "glacis", which prevented attackers from climbing up.
Keywords: picturesque, desert, Muslim, Islamic, national heritage, historic, defensive, fortifications, fortress

PMR117K-19
Jordan, Al-Karak: the Crusader castle built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1142 AD, which was beseiged and taken by Saladin in 1183. View of the main road and the upper town, from the castle ramparts, showing the defensive "glacis" (slope) to prevent attackers from climbing up.
Keywords: picturesque, desert, Muslim, Islamic, national heritage, historic, defensive, fortifications, fortress

PMR117K-18
Jordan, Al-Karak: flowers of Pink Viper's Grass (Scorzonera papposa) growing on the castle ramparts.
Keywords: picturesque, fortress, fortifications, defensive, historic, national heritage, Islamic, Muslim, desert, flora, botany

PMR117K-17
Jordan, Al-Karak: the Crusader castle built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1142 AD, which was beseiged and taken by Saladin in 1183. View from the battlements of the surrounding countryside and cultivated fields.
Keywords: picturesque, fortress, fortifications, defensive, historic, national heritage, Islamic, Muslim, desert

PMR117K-16
Jordan, Al-Karak: the Crusader castle built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1142 AD, which was beseiged and taken by Saladin in 1183.
Keywords: picturesque, fortress, fortifications, defensive, historic, national heritage, Islamic, Muslim, desert

PMR116K-34
Jordan, As-Shobak: Shobak Castle, built by Crusader King Baldwin I in 1115, fell to Saladin in 1189 after an 18-month siege. One of the defence towers, with a view of the surrounding landscape.
Keywords: picturesque, fortress, fortifications, defensive, historic, national heritage, Islamic, Muslim, desert

PMR116K-33
Jordan, As-Shobak: Shobak Castle, built by Crusader King Baldwin I in 1115, fell to Saladin in 1189 after an 18-month siege.
Keywords: picturesque, fortress, fortifications, defensive, historic, national heritage, Islamic, Muslim, desert

PMR110K-08
Austria, Tyrol, Scharnitz: ruined fortifications of the "Porta Claudia" erected by the Archduchess Claudia de Medici in 1633 on a steep mountainside, to keep the Bavarians out of Tyrol.
Keywords: alpine, national heritage, historical, ruins, picturesque, alpine scenery, Alps, mountain range

PMR110K-05
France, Périgord: kitchen gardens of Chateau Castelnaud with the keep and inner curtain wall behind.
Keywords: Dordogne, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, Neanderthal, stone-age man, cave dwellings, historic, mediaeval, Cro-Magnon, fortifications

PMR110K-04
France, Périgord: working models of two siege catapults at Chateau Castelnaud, with the Keep in the background.
Keywords: Dordogne, fortifications, Cro-Magnon, mediaeval, historic, cave dwellings, stone-age man, Neanderthal, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR110K-03
France, Périgord: working model of a siege catapult with stone balls at Chateau Castelnaud.
Keywords: Dordogne, fortifications, Cro-Magnon, mediaeval, historic, cave dwellings, stone-age man, Neanderthal, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR109K-29
France, Périgord: south-west bastion tower and dry moat of Chateau de Losse, dating back to 1576, with the substantial gatehouse behind.
Keywords: Dordogne, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, Neanderthal, stone-age man, cave dwellings, historic, mediaeval, Cro-Magnon, fortifications

PMR109K-28
France, Périgord: the substantial gatehouse and bridge over the moat of Chateau de Losse, dating back to 1576, with corner turret in the foreground.
Keywords: Dordogne, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, Neanderthal, stone-age man, cave dwellings, historic, mediaeval, Cro-Magnon, fortifications

PMR109K-27
France, Périgord: turreted curtain wall and dry moat of the Chateau de Losse, dating back to 1576.
Keywords: Dordogne, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, Neanderthal, stone-age man, cave dwellings, historic, mediaeval, Cro-Magnon, fortifications

PMR109K-24
France, Périgord: Chateau de Fénelon dates from the 13th century but most of the present fabric is 16th century. Its two round towers retain their traditional roofs of lauze stones.
Keywords: Dordogne, fortifications, Cro-Magnon, mediaeval, historic, cave dwellings, stone-age man, Neanderthal, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR109K-23
France, Périgord: Chateau de Fénelon dates from the 13th century but most of the present fabric is 16th century. It possesses formidable defences, including triple walls.
Keywords: Dordogne, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, Neanderthal, stone-age man, cave dwellings, historic, mediaeval, Cro-Magnon, fortifications

PMR108K-36
Germany, Baden-Württemberg: reconstructed Celtic settlement from the 6th century BC on Heuneberg Hill in the Swabian Jura. View of the defensive wall with weapons embrasures and gateway.
Keywords: mediaeval town, picturesque, historic, history, Celts, fortifications

PMR108K-28
Germany, Saxony: Burg Stolpen, standing 357 metres high on basalt rocks, dates back to 1100, and has an 82-metre deep well, excavated through sheer basalt. View of the village of Stolpen from the castle walls. The dowager Duchess Cosel was imprisoned in this castle for 49 years.
Keywords: East Germany, national heritage, historic, architecture, picturesque, castle, Schloss, fortifications, mediaeval

PMR108K-27
Germany, Saxony: Burg Stolpen, standing 357 metres high on basalt rocks, dates back to 1100, and has an 82-metre deep well, excavated through sheer basalt. Part of the wall is used as a rock garden, where stonecrops and other plants flourish.
Keywords: East Germany, rock plants, mediaeval, fortifications, Schloss, castle, picturesque, architecture, historic, national heritage

PMR108K-26
Germany, Saxony: Burg Stolpen, standing 357 metres high on basalt rocks, dates back to 1100, and has an 82-metre deep well, excavated through sheer basalt.
Keywords: East Germany, national heritage, historic, architecture, picturesque, castle, Schloss, fortifications, mediaeval

PMR106K-13
Peru, Cusco, Pisac: In the vicinity of Pisac and the "Sacred Valley" a number of important Inca sites are to be found.

The ruins of Q'allaqasa (the citadel), the highest of the ruins at Pisac, which are currently under restoration (March 2009).
Keywords: High Andes, Cuzco, Qosqo, Inca architecture, Urubamba Valley, fortifications, fort

PMR095K-09
Libya: a ruined Roman fort standing on a hill at Gariyat. The main gate of the fort and the square. Most of the remaining walls are Byzantine or later.
Keywords: Roman architecture, Byzantine architecture, Maghreb, fortress, fortifications, castle, desert, barren, isolated

PMR095K-07
Libya: a ruined Roman fort standing on a hill at Gariyat. A mud-walled oven in the courtyard.
Keywords: Roman architecture, castle, fortifications, fortress, Maghreb, Byzantine architecture

PMR095K-06
Libya: a ruined Roman fort standing on a hill at Gariyat. View of the plain through the breached Byzantine wall.
Keywords: Roman architecture, castle, fortifications, fortress, Maghreb, Byzantine architecture

PMR095K-05
Libya: a ruined Roman fort standing on a hill at Gariyat. View of the plains and the dried-out water course from the fort.
Keywords: Roman architecture, barren, desert, castle, fortifications, fortress, Maghreb, Byzantine architecture

PMR093K-14
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Double Eagle arms above the Inner Gate of the Imperial Castle, which separates the Forecourt from the Inner Court.
Keywords: Nürnberg, historic town, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, gateway

PMR091K-26
Macedonia, Skopje: devastated by an earthquake on 26th July 1963, the capital city has been largely rebuilt. Fortress Kale, overlooking the city, was first built in 536 after Roman Scupi was destroyed by an earthquake in 518 AD. The present fortifications date mainly from Ottoman times.
Keywords: historic, reflections, castle, fortifications, picturesque, national heritage, Yugoslavia

PMR091K-12
Macedonia, Skopje: devastated by an earthquake on 26th July 1963, the capital city has been largely rebuilt. Fortress Kale, overlooking the city, was first built in 536 after Roman Scupi was destroyed by an earthquake in 518 AD. The present fortifications date mainly from Ottoman times.
Keywords: historic, Yugoslavia, national heritage, picturesque, fortifications, castle

PMR091K-04
Macedonia, Ohrid: the Upper Gate (Gorna Porta) of the Fortress of King Samuil, who reigned 976-1014 AD, is the only remaining gate.
Keywords: national heritage, fortifications, historic castle, Yugoslavia

PMR090K-26
Macedonia, Ohrid: the fortress of King Samuil, who reigned 976-1014 AD, with a view of the crenellated walls and defence towers. The site was already fortified in the 4th century BC. Lake Ohrid in the background.
Keywords: historic, Yugoslavia, national heritage, fortifications, historic building

PMR090K-25
Macedonia, Ohrid: the fortress of King Samuil, who reigned 976-1014 AD, with a view of the town beyond the fortifications. The site was already fortified in the 4th century BC.
Keywords: historic, Yugoslavia, national heritage

PMR090K-20
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1466. Equestrian statue of national hero Skanderbeg (Gjergi Kastrioti, 1405-1466).
Keywords: Shqiperia, monument, Kruje, fortifications, ruined fortress, citadel

PMR090K-19
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1468. The old restored bazaar in a cobbled street below the fortress has an excellent selection of reasonably-priced textiles and antiques.
Keywords: Shqiperia, citadel, ruined fortress, fortifications, Kruje

PMR090K-18
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1468. The old restored bazaar in a cobbled street below the fortress, with the minaret of the mosque in the background.
Keywords: Shqiperia, citadel, ruined fortress, fortifications, Kruje

PMR090K-17
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1468. The Skanderbeg Museum, within the fortress walls, designed by the daughter and son-in.law of Enver Hoxha.
Keywords: Shqiperia, Kruje, fortifications, ruined fortress, citadel

PMR090K-16
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1468. The last remaining watchtower (restored).
Keywords: Shqiperia, Kruje, fortifications, ruined fortress, citadel

PMR089K-35
Albania, Durres: a 14th century Venetian tower or bastion enhances the Byzantine city walls.
Keywords: Shqiperia, fortifications, architecture

PMR089K-17
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
The massive Kampana Bastion and the town's north wall, with Mount Lovcen and Castel St. John, an Illyrian fort, in the background.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-16
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
The Sea Gate, West Gate (1555) and Duke's (Providur's) Palace above it, from the Riva.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-15
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
the Gurdic Bastion and the South Gate, which has three doors, from the 13th, 17th, and 18th centuries.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-14
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
a street in the old town (Stari Grad), overlooked by Mount Lovcen and Castel St. John, an Illyrian fort.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-13
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
View of the Gulf of Kotor, surrounded by precipitous mountains, and the new town.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-12
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
View of the Gulf of Kotor with part of the old town (Stari Grad) and part of the Castel St. John, an Illyrian fort (260 metres high).
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-11
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
Bird's eye view of the complete harbour from the Castel St. John, an Illyrian fort (260 metres high).
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-10
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
View of the Gulf of Kotor and flag of Montenegro from Castel St. John, an Illyrian fort, (260 metres high).
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR089K-09
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
View of the old town (Stari Grad) and jetty from the Church of Our Lady of Remedy.
Keywords: picturesque, panorama, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR089K-08
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium.
Part view of the old town (Stari Grad) and jetty, from the Roko fortification.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port

PMR088K-32
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the wooded island of Lokrum, seen over the rooftops from Fort Minceta.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-31
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the wooded island of Lokrum, seen over the rooftops of the city.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-30
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the Belltower on Placa, as seen from the city walls over the Pile Gate.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-29
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the main street, Placa (or Stradun) with the belltower at the end, and the Franciscan Monastery on the left.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-28
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: Big Onofrio's Fountain, designed by Onofrio della Casa in 1438, near Pile Gate.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR088K-27
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: Fort Minceta and the north-west city wall with the Pile Gate and some of the museum exhibits in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR088K-26
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: restaurant in the forrmer cloisters of the Convent of St. Claire, founded in 1290.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR088K-25
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: part of the south wall standing on precipitate cliffs above the sea.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-24
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: Fort Minceta and the entrance to the city walls, with the Franciscan Monastery in the foreground.
Keywords: picturesque, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-23
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: old roofs and new!
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR088K-22
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the triangular-shaped Fort Lovrijenac (11th century)(left, perched on its rock) and Fort Bokar (right, part of the city walls).)
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-21
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: close-up view of a speed boat and passengers, from the walls of the city.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-20
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: part of Fort St. John, with a view of the coast to the south, and speed boat.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-19
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: a section of the south wall, and seascape.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-18
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the mighty Fort Bokar, the city wall, and sunbathers on the rocks outside the walls.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR088K-17
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: view of Fort Minceta and north wall over the (mostly new) rooftops of the city.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-16
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the harbour with Fort Revelin and the Ploce Gate, from Fort St. John.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-15
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the harbour and quay with the Dominican Monastery, from the city walls.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR088K-14
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: musician in traditional costume playing the tambura by Onofrio's Fountain.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, Yugoslavia

PMR088K-13
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: Romanesque columns and courtyard in the cloister of the Franciscan Monastery.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-12
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: a variety of carved stone column capitals in the Romanesque cloister of the Franciscan Monastery.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-11
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: view of the city's mighty north wall and bastions, from Fort Minceta.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-10
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: Fort Minceta and the city walls from Pile Gate, with palm trees and Oleanders in bloom.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-09
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: Orlando's Column (= Roland) has stood for centuries in Placa and is regarded as a symbol of Dubrovnik's freedom.
Keywords: picturesque, statue, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-08
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the Small Onofrio's Fountain, provides fresh water from the Dubrovnik River (designed by Onofrio della Casa in 1438).
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-07
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: view along the main street, Placa (or Stradun) with belltower and marble paving, polished by the feet of innumerable residents and visitors.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR088K-06
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: view down on the city, with harbour and fortifications, from the coast road.
Keywords: picturesque, Yugoslavia, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR077K-25
Germany, Baden.Wurttemberg, Sigmaringen: the mighty castle which was the home of the Swabian (Catholic) branch of the Hohenzollerns: the tower and facade, mostly reconstructed.
Keywords: fortifications, defence, ancestral home, heritage, historic, Hohenzollern Castle

PMR077K-24
Germany, Baden-Wurttemberg, Sigmaringen: the mighty castle which was the home of the Swabian (Catholic) branch of the Hohenzollerns: the entrance with sentry boxes, surmounted by the family crest.
Keywords: fortifications, Hohenzollern Castle, historic, heritage, ancestral home, defence

PMR021K-21
Switzerland, Valais, Martigny: Tower of La Batiaz, part of the old city fortifications, with tree in autumn foliage in the foreground.
Keywords: Savoy Alps, fall, mountains

PMR018K-23
Slovakia, Kremnica: View of the 12-metre-high town wall and fortified church on approaching Kremnica.
Keywords: architecture, fortifications, mediaeval, Gothic

PMR018K-13
Slovakia, Zilina: Former drawbridge approach to Strecno Castle which dates back to the early 14th century.
Keywords: fortifications, ramparts

PMR004K-35
Poland, Stargard: Tower, forming part of the old fortifications of the town.

PMR004K-14
Lithuania, Trakai: Red brick castle of Trakai in its lake, with wooden access bridge.
Keywords: fortifications, mediaeval

PMR000K-21
Yugoslavia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: view of the city from the cruise ship "Iberia". 1950s.
Keywords: Adriatic, fortifications, port, fortress

PMR076K-15
Germany, Franconia, Nuremberg: part of the town's defence fortifications: the Frauentor dry ditch and outer ringwall with defence tower; a higher, inner ringwall can be seen to the right.
Keywords: mediaeval, historic, heritage

PMR076K-12
Germany, Franconia, Nuremberg: a wistaria flowers on the mighty Königstor outer ringwall with fortified defence tower.
Keywords: mediaeval, historic, heritage, fortifications

PMR076K-09
Germany, Franconia, Nuremberg: the Kaiserburg fortress goes back to the 12th century, but most of the present building dates from the 15th and 16th centuries. It dominates the town in the north.
Keywords: mediaeval, historic, heritage, fortifications

PMR075K-12
Spain, Lanzarote, Arrecife: Castillo de San Gabriel, dating from the late 16th century, with its pair of cannons.
Keywords: Canary Islands, sunshine, holidays, leisure, castle, fortifications

PMR075K-09
Spain, Lanzarote, Arrecife: Castillo de San Gabriel, dating from the late 16th century, is reached by a causeway, Puente de Bolas.
Keywords: Canary Islands, sunshine, holidays, leisure, castle, fortifications

PMR075K-04
Spain, Lanzarote, Arrecife: Castillo de San Jose, restored by César Manrique, now houses the Cultural Centre of Arrecife.
Keywords: Canary Islands, fortifications, castle, leisure, holidays, sunshine

PMR072K-07
England, Herefordshire, Malvern: British Camp or Herefordshire Beacon in the Malvern Hills, a major earthworks, site of an iron age fort.
Keywords: archeology, fortifications, ditch

PMR072K-06
England, Herefordshire, Malvern: British Camp or Herefordshire Beacon in the Malvern Hills, a major earthworks, site of an iron age fort.
Keywords: archeology, ditch, fortifications

PMR071K-05
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the remains of shopping units on the "Commercial Agora".
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins, Lycia

PMR071K-04
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: view of the sports stadium from the east, showing the three seating terraces.
Keywords: Greek ruins, Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman architecture, Lycians, archeology, excavations, towns of antiquity, Lycia

PMR071K-03
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the Graeco-Roman amphitheatre showing the orchestra and ruined stage buildings.
Keywords: Greek ruins, Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman architecture, Lycians, archeology, excavations, towns of antiquity, Lycia

PMR071K-02
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: modern simulation of a race on the running track!
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins, Lycia

PMR071K-01
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the Graeco-Roman sports stadium with seating terraces on the left.
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins, Lycia

PMR070K-36
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: view of the Scaene (stage building) of the amphitheatre, which is from the late Hellenic period.
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins, Lycia

PMR070K-35
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the typically Greek, horseshoe-shaped amphitheatre with 20 rows of seats. It enjoys excellent acoustics and views of the landscape.
Keywords: Greek ruins, Lycia, Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman architecture, Lycians, archeology, excavations, towns of antiquity

PMR070K-34
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the central stage entrance doorway to the amphitheatre.
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins, Lycia

PMR070K-33
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the Odeon (concert and meeting hall) is accessed by three arched doorways from the Agora.
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins, Lycia

PMR070K-32
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the retaining wall of the Agora, showing the skill with which irregular stones were fitted together.
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins, Lycia

PMR070K-22
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: view of the harbour and moorings from the fortress on the hill.
Keywords: historical ruins, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology, Lycia

PMR070K-21
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: ladies of the settlement preparing their sales onslought on the next group of visitors.
Keywords: historical ruins, archeology, excavations, Byzantine fortifications, sarcophagus, ruined fortress, Lycia

PMR070K-20
The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: visitors being enlightened on the history of the fortress.
Keywords: historical ruins, Lycia, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology

PMR070K-19
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: view of the settlement with fortress and quay from the sea.
Keywords: historical ruins, Lycia, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology

PMR070K-18
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: approaching the settlement with its crowning fortress from the sea.
Keywords: historical ruins, Lycia, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology

PMR063K-04
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187. The site was previously used by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came, and is virtually surrounded by a loop of the River Yantra. The fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, built on Thracian/Byzantine foundations in the 12th and 13th centuries, showing the sole entrance through fortified gates to the hill-fortress, with the newly restored Patriarchal Church on the summit.

PMR063K-03
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187. The site was previously used by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came, and is virtually surrounded by a loop of the River Yantra. The fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, built on Thracian/Byzantine foundations in the 12th and 13th centuries. Here, Balduin's Tower, where Emperor Balduin of Flanders was imprisoned in 1205 for the rest of his life.

PMR062K-16
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187. The site was previously used by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came, and is virtually surrounded by a loop of the River Yantra. The fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, built on Thracian/Byzantine foundations in the 12th and 13th centuries, showing the sole point of entry, and the entry gates from the town.

PMR062K-15
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187. The site was previously used by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came, and is virtually surrounded by a loop of the River Yantra. The fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, built on Thracian/Byzantine foundations in the 12th and 13th centuries, with the recently rebuilt Patriarchal Church on the summit.

PMR062K-13
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187. The site was previously used by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came, and is virtually surrounded by a loop of the River Yantra. The fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, built on Thracian/Byzantine foundations in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the background the rocky escarpment beyond the town.

PMR062K-12
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187. The site was previously used by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came, and is virtually surrounded by a loop of the River Yantra. The fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, built on Thracian/Byzantine foundations in the 12th and 13th centuries.

PMR432-11
Poland, Gdansk/Danzig: popularly known as the "Milk Churn Gate", this structure was part of a 15th century defence system, badly damaged during WWII.
Keywords: metropolis, fortifications, historic, Gdansk, architecture, cityscape, city

PMR431-06
Poland, Szczecin/Stettin: new flyovers and underpasses with the docks as background. In the foreground the brick "Virgins' Tower", built in 1307, sole remnant of the mediaeval town's fortifications.
Keywords: metropolis, roads, highways, traffic, new and old, architecture, cityscape, city

PMR417-10
Slovakia, Kezmarok (formerly Kesmark): the oldest tract of Kezmarok Castle, with chapel and part of the wooden defence gallery
Keywords: historic, Kesmark, heritage, Czechoslovakia, fortifications, defence, mediaeval

PMR417-06
Slovakia, Kezmarok (formerly Kesmark): main entrance gate to Kezmarok Castle, home of the Thököly family for several centuries.
Keywords: historic, Kesmark, heritage, Czechoslovakia, fortifications, defence, tower

PMR416-12
Slovakia, Kezmarok (formerly Kesmark): facade of the chapel from the inner courtyard of Kezmarok Castle.
Keywords: historic, heritage, Czechoslovakia, fortifications, defence, towers, mediaeval, church

PMR413-09
Germany, Bavaria, Franconia, Weissenburg: the old town wall from outside, with dry moat/ditch.
Keywords: mediaeval, towers, defence, fortifications, architecture, national heritage, picturesque

PMR405-02
Germany, Rhineland Palatinate: Burg Eltz, on the Eifel Massif, is a mighty fortress dating back to the 9th or 10th century. It has been constantly expanded and is still in possession of the same families who lived there in th12th century, 33 generations ago. Visble in this view are the fourth Rodendorf House and the Rübenach House, added in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Keywords: historic place, defence, fortifications, national heritage, castle, turrets, mediaeval

PMR405-01
Germany, Rhineland Palatinate: Burg Eltz, on the Eifel Massif, is a mighty fortress dating back to the 9th or 10th century. It has been constantly expanded and is still in possession of the same families who lived there in th12th century, 33 generations ago.
Keywords: historic place, mediaeval, turrets, castle, national heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR404-11
Germany, Rhineland Palatinate, Mosel Valley: view of the River Mosel with town and bridge of Löf, from the vinyards of Burg Thurant.
Keywords: historic place, Moselle Valley, defence, fortifications, national heritage, castle

PMR404-10
Germany, Rhineland Palatinate, Mosel Valley: Burg Thurant with its twin towers, each of which was once occupied by rival scions of the same family.
Keywords: historic place, Moselle Valley, defence, fortifications, national heritage, castle

PMR404-09
Germany, Rhineland Palatinate: entrance (formerly a drawbridge) to Burg Thurant, which overlooks Alken, in the Mosel Valley.
Keywords: historic place, Moselle Valley, castle, national heritage, fortifications, defence

PMR404-07
Germany, Rhineland Palatinate: 15th-17th century castle in the Mosel Valley between Kobern and Gondorf, formerly surrounded by water.
Keywords: historic place, vinyard, defence, fortifications, national heritage

PMR400-06
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Augsburg: boat hire on the moat under the mighty Oblatterwall.
Keywords: architecture, reflections, defence, fortifications, mediaeval

PMR400-03
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Augsburg: 16th century Rotes Tor (Red Gate) from the south west.
Keywords: architecture, Augustus Caesar, mediaeval, tower, fortifications

PMR400-02
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Augsburg: 16th century Rotes Tor (Red Gate) from the central courtyard.
Keywords: architecture, Augustus Caesar, mediaeval, tower, fortifications

PMR399-05
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Füssen: the castle, which dominates the town, was the late 15th century residence of the Bishops of Augsburg.
Keywords: alpine, Gothic, fortified, fortifications, mediaeval, Fussen, Romantic Road, Romantische Strasse

PMR551-9
Malaysia, Malacca/Melaka: "A Famosa", the fortress built by the Portuguese in 1511, ruined at the time of the Dutch invasion in 1641.
Keywords: ruin, colonial architecture, architecture, fortifications, historic building

PMR685-04
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Heilig-Geist-Spital (Holy Ghost Hospital), built 1332-39, reflected in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, reflections, autumn colours, fortifications, defence

PMR685-03
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Spitlertor-Turm (Spitler Gate Tower), built as a square tower in 1385, acquiring a circular outer wall in 1558.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR684-12
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: 14th century Gothic Church of Our Lady (Frauenkirche) with 16th century gable by Adam Krafft and carillon with figures of the seven Electors swearing allegiance to the Emperor in 1356.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR684-11
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Hangman's House and former wine hall "Weinstadel", reflected in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, architecture, reflections, autumn colours, fortifications, defence

PMR684-10
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: Hangman's House and former wine hall "Weinstadel", reflected in the River Pegnitz.
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR684-09
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: reflections of houses "am Fleischbänken" in the River Pegnitz, with the island "Trödelmarkt" (left).
Keywords: Nürnberg, defence, fortifications, autumn colours, reflections, architecture, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval

PMR639-05
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1468. Here: the Skanderbeg (Gjergi Kastrioti) Museum, inside the fortress, designed by the daughter and son-in-law of Enver Hoxha.
Keywords: Shqiperia, citadel, ruined fortress, fortifications, Kruje

PMR639-04
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1468. View of one of the watchtowers which has recently been rebuilt.
Keywords: Shqiperia, defenders' tower, citadel, ruined fortress, fortifications, Kruje

PMR639-03
Albania: Kruja, site of Skanderbeg's fortress, from where he resisted the might of the Ottoman army from 1443 to 1468. Here: the old bazaar, with the minaret of the mosque behind.
Keywords: Shqiperia, citadel, ruined fortress, fortifications, Kruje

PMR638-09
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. The massive bastion (Kampana Tower and Citadel) and wall on the north side of the old town (Stari Grad) flanking the River Skurda, date back to the 13th century.
Keywords: picturesque, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR638-08
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. High above the town, the 17th century church of Our Lady of the Remedy (Crkva Gospa od zdravlja) commands a fine view of the Gulf of Kotor.
Keywords: picturesque, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR638-07
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. Bird's eye view of the jetty and part of the old town (Stari Grad), from Castel St. John, 260 metres above the city.
Keywords: picturesque, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR638-06
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. View of the promenade and gulf from the Castel St. John, an Illyrian fort 260 metres above the city; with Two-tailed Pasha butterfly (Charaxes jasius) near the Montenegro flag.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port

PMR638-05
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. View of the gulf from the Roko fortification showing the old water conduits which fed the cisterns.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port

PMR638-04
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. The recently completed promenade, planted with ornamental trees, and jetty for small craft.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port

PMR638-03
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. View of the old town (Stari Grad) at the foot of Mount Lovcen.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port

PMR638-02
Montenegro: Kotor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has a history going back to Roman times when it was known as Acruvium. View of the town on the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotoska), surrounded by precipitous mountains, from the Cetinje road.
Keywords: picturesque, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR637-11
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: the wooded island of Lokrum, seen over the (mostly new) rooftops of the city.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port, panorama

PMR637-10
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: Fort Lovrijenac (left), with walls up to 12 metres thick, was built in the 11th century, and now hosts stage plays. On the right, part of the bastion Fort Bokar.
Keywords: picturesque, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR637-09
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: sunbathers on the rocks outside the city walls.
Keywords: picturesque, port, historic city, bastions, ramparts, impregnable, fortifications, fortress, national heritage, mediaeval

PMR637-06
Croatia, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik: view of the city from the coast road, with the harbour, St. John Fort, and the city ramparts.
Keywords: picturesque, mediaeval, national heritage, fortress, fortifications, impregnable, ramparts, bastions, historic city, port

PMR633-08
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Tiergärtner Gate and tower and the fortified town wall with its wooden defence gallery.
Keywords: Nürnberg, historic town, mediaeval, picturesque, national heritage, fortifications, timber-framed houses

PMR633-07
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the stone well in the square "Beim Tiergärtner Tor", with the fortified town wall in the background, and Albrecht Dürer's House (15th century timber framed) on the left.
Keywords: Nürnberg, cobbles, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR633-06
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: overlooking the town, the castle stands on a sandstone outcrop to the north. Its present appearance dates from the 15-16th centuries, including the 30-metre-high, round Sinwell Tower.
Keywords: Nürnberg, ramparts, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR629-11
Tunisia, Sousse: the "Ribat", a fortified barrack for Islamic monk-soldiers, built ca. 800 AD by the Aghlabids, with look-out tower to spot approaching raiders.
Keywords: castle, fortress, fortifications, historic, heritage

PMR629-03
Germany, Baden-Wurttemberg, Sigmaringen: the mighty castle which was the home of the Swabian (Catholic) branch of the Hohenzollerns: here, view from across the River Danube, with reflections in the water.
Keywords: fortifications, defence, ancestral home, heritage, historic

PMR629-02
Germany, Baden-Wurttemberg, Sigmaringen: the mighty castle which was the home of the Swabian (Catholic) branch of the Hohenzollerns: here, a closer view of the main entrance, with its black and white sentry boxes.
Keywords: fortifications, defence, ancestral home, heritage, historic

PMR629-01
Germany, Baden-wurttemberg, Sigmaringen: the mighty castle which was the home of the Swabian (Catholic) branch of the Hohenzollerns: here, the imposingly fortified main entrance.
Keywords: fortifications, historic, heritage, ancestral home, defence

PMR628-11
Germany, Bavaria, Nuremberg: the Kaiserburg or Imperial Castle, rebuilt during the 15th and 16th centuries after its destruction in 1420, stands on a sandstone outcrop in the north of the city.
Keywords: Nürnberg, fortress, fortifications, national heritage, picturesque, mediaeval, historic town

PMR627-11
Spain, Lanzarote, Arrecife: Castillo de San Jose, modernised by Cesar Manrique, is home to the island's cultural centre where paintings by local artists are on display.
Keywords: castle, volcanic garden, fortification, fortress, Canary Islands

PMR624-07
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: tiered stone seating in the Odeon, the concert and meeting hall, showing the orchestra and rear of the facade.
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins

PMR624-06
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the "State Agora", with three arched doorways on the north side leading into the Odeon, the concert and meeting hall.
Keywords: Greek ruins, towns of antiquity, excavations, archeology, Lycians, Graeco-Roman architecture, Graeco-Roman ruins, Roman ruins

PMR624-05
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: the "State Agora" with retaining walls - the southern wall has collapsed into the valley.
Keywords: Greek ruins, Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman architecture, Lycians, archeology, excavations, towns of antiquity

PMR624-04
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: stairway leading to the "State Agora" from the gymnasium and baths complex.
Keywords: Greek ruins, Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman architecture, Lycians, archeology, excavations, towns of antiquity

PMR624-03
Turkey, Lycia, Arykanda: The ancient city of Arykanda or Arykandos which may date back to the 20th century BC, disappeared from the map of the known world after the Graeco-Roman inhabitants left, until rediscovered by Charles Fellows in 1838. Since then many Graeco-Roman remains have come to light. Situated on the side of a steep, rocky hill, Arykanda was easy to defend, and required no extensive fortifications. Here: facade wall of the Graeco-Roman gymnasium and baths complex on a lower terrace.
Keywords: Greek ruins, Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman ruins, Graeco-Roman architecture, Lycians, archeology, excavations, towns of antiquity

PMR623-09
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: Mohamed, a young blond Turk on a Lycian stone sarcophagus whose lid represents an upturned boat.
Keywords: historical ruins, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology

PMR623-08
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: view of some of the ancient sarcophagi on the hill behind the village.
Keywords: historical ruins, archeology, excavations, Byzantine fortifications, sarcophagus, ruined fortress

PMR623-07
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: view of the village from the jetty, ascending the hillside in terraces.
Keywords: historical ruins, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology

PMR623-06
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: the tiny harbour, with the dominating fortress behind.
Keywords: historical ruins, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology

PMR623-05
Turkey, Lycia, Simena: The former Greek coastal village of Simena can only be reached from the sea - there are no roads connecting it to the hinterland, so development is limited, and little has changed since the Greeks left in 1922. About 200 people live here permanently. Crowning the village is a mediaeval fortress, and scattered around the village are numerous Lycian stone sarcophagi. Here: approaching the settlement from the sea, the visitor is met by traders in small boats.
Keywords: historical ruins, ruined fortress, sarcophagus, Byzantine fortifications, excavations, archeology

PMR622-03
Turkey, Marmaris: Waterfront cafe at Marmaris overlooked by the Kalesi (fortress) built in 1522 by Süleyman the Magnificent during the siege of Rhodes.
Keywords: castle, fortifications, crenellations

PMR613-10
Bulgaria: Plovdiv received international acclaim for its painstaking restoration of the old Turkish-style houses in the old quarter. The Hisar Gate, the eastern gate of the fortress wall, has stood here "since the remotest past".
Keywords: Turkish-style architecture, cobbled streets, defence fortifications

PMR612-12
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: partially restored ruins of the palace of the Bulgarian rulers on Tsarevets Hill, originally extending to 6000 square metres.
Keywords: historical site, archeological excavations, ruined fortifications, defence towers, battlements, fortifications, Bulgarian heritage, archeological site

PMR612-11
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: view of the fortifications on the west side of Tsarevets Hill and the rock escarpments surrounding the town.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-10
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: view of the Assen Quarter, with its bridges over the River Yantra and numerous old churches. In the foreground stands the Church of the 40 Martyrs, currently under restoration (2005).
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-09
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: the sole entry to the fortified Tsarevets Hill, along a narrow ridge and through several fortified gateways.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-08
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Antique shops in Georgi C. Rakovski Street, built in the traditional Turkish style with tiled fronts.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-07
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: Georgi C. Rakovski Street, with its Turkish-style, tiled frontages, is now a pedestrian zone with many souvenir shops.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-06
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: houses in the old quarter of the town, perched in terraces on the lip of the gorge.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-05
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: monument to the Assen Brothers.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-04
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: the main north-south arterial road tunnels under the town.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-03
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here:Gurko Street, in the old quarter, with Gurko Hotel-Mechana (near the yellow taxi).
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-02
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: part of the town, showing the River Yantra, the main road, and the fortification wall.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR612-01
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, with recently rebuilt Patriarchal Church on the summit.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR611-12
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: view of the town from the fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, with a defence tower and a surviving Ionic column in the foreground.
Keywords: historical site, archeological excavations, ruined fortifications, defence towers, battlements, fortifications, Bulgarian heritage, archeological site

PMR611-11
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: "Execution Rock" ("Lobna skala") where condemned prisoners were forced to jump to their deaths.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR611-10
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: view of a fortified tower and wall, with remaining foundations of dwellings (right), and showing the rock escarpment which surrounds the town.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR611-09
Bulgaria: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: the Assen Quarter (the oldest part of the town) and road bridge over the River Yantra, seen from the fortifications on Tsarevets Hill, with a reconstructed watch-tower in the foreground.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR611-08
Bulgara: Veliko Tarnovo, situated on a rocky hill within a loop of the River Yantra, was the first capital of Bulgaria from 1187, after the foundation of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393) by the Assen Brothers, Peter and Ivan. The site was previously occupied by the Thracians and then the Romans before the Bulgarians came in the 12 th century. Here: view of the Assen Quarter (the oldest part of the town) and the foot-bridge opver the River Yantra.
Keywords: historical site, archeological site, Bulgarian heritage, fortifications, battlements, defence towers, ruined fortifications, archeological excavations

PMR658-09
France, Périgord, Domme: view of the Dordogne Valley from the belvedere of the "bastide" or fortified town laid out by Philippe le Hardi ("the Bold") in 1281.
Keywords: historic, mediaeval, fortifications, national heritage, Dordogne, countryside, wooded countryside

PMR658-08
France, Périgord: the square keep (donjon) of Chateau Castelnaud with the entrance below, and surrounding countryside.
Keywords: historic, defence, battlements, mediaeval, fortifications, national heritage, Dordogne, castle, countryside, wooded countryside

PMR658-05
France, Périgord, Chateau de Fénelon: view of a defence tower and surrounding countryside from the ramparts.
Keywords: mediaeval, castle, fortifications, Dordogne, national heritage, historic

PMR658-04
France, Périgord: Chateau de Fénelon displays its formidable defences. It dates back to 13th century, but most of the present structure was built in the 16th century. Note the "lauze" stone roofs.
Keywords: mediaeval, castle, fortifications, Dordogne, national heritage, historic

PMR657-06
Germany, Baden-Württemburg: rich flora on one of the ancient barrows from the 6th century BC on Heuneburg Hill, in the Swabian Jura.
Keywords: mediaeval town, picturesque, fortifications

PMR657-04
Germany, Baden-Württemburg: reconstructed Celtic settlement from the 6th century BC on Heuneburg Hill, in the Swabian Jura - view of the defensive wall with weapons embrasures.
Keywords: mediaeval town, picturesque, fortifications

PMR656-12
Germany, Saxony, Stolpen: Burg Stolpen, standing 357 metres high on basalt rocks, dates back to 1100 and has an 82-metre well. The Sieger Tower (left) and Johannis Tower (right) with surrounding landscape. The respected Duchess Cosel was imprisoned here for 49 years.
Keywords: East Germany, fortifications, castle, picturesque, Baroque, architecture, historic, national heritage

PMR641-07
Libya: view of the surrounding barren landscape from a ruined Roman/Byzantine fortress standing on a hill at Gariyat.
Keywords: Roman architecture, castle, fortifications, fortress, Maghreb, Byzantine architecture

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All images © Copyright protected Peter Michael Rhodes 0049 89 321 1945
Travel Photographer Munich, Bavaria, DE