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Travel (136 files)

PMR676-10 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. a ger (yurt) owner - father with two children. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR138K-06 Mongolia, Ömnögov Aimag (Province), Bayanzag: a young Mongolian selling mineral samples and souvenirs in the Gobi Desert.. Keywords: Mongol, entrepreneur, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR138K-05 Mongolia, Ömnögov Aimag (Province), Bayanzag (Gobi Desert): a sandy area stabilised by saxaul shrubs where American palaeontologist Roy Chapman Andrews discovered numerous fossilised Protoceratops dinosaurs with nests and eggs in 1922. This part was called "The Flaming Cliffs" by Roy Chapman Andrews. Keywords: Mongol, geological, geology, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR138K-04 Mongolia, Ömnögov Aimag (Province), Bayanzag (Gobi Desert): a sandy area stabilised by saxaul shrubs where American palaeontologist Roy Chapman Andrews discovered numerous fossilised Protoceratops dinosaurs with nests and eggs in 1922. This part was called "The Flaming Cliffs" by Roy Chapman Andrews. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia, geology, geological
PMR138K-03 Mongolia, Dundgov Aimag (Province): a small grazing herd of Bactrian Camels in the Gobi Desert. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR138K-02 Mongolia, Dundgov Aimag (Province): Rotel bus at speed, creating a dust cloud on the steppe. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR138K-01 Mongolia, Dundgov Aimag (Province): Ongiin Khiid (Monastery), actually consists of two Buddhist monasteries, both laid waste by the Communists in the 1930s. Most of the buildings were built of mud bricks which have largely weathered away. A small group of monks began rebuilding a temple in 2004 and is dependent on donations for further restorations. This picture: a surviving marble stupa, with the rebuilt temple and a museum/shop ger in the background. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-36 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: visit from a ger (yurt) owner and his daughter. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR137K-35 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: the remains of a bronze age burial site, one of many. Keywords: Mongol, archeological, archeology, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-34 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Rotel bus parked for the night at a "wildernis site" by the Orkhol River. Picturesque landscape and skyscape. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-33 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Rotel bus parked for the night at a "wildernis site" by the Orkhol River. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-32 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Rotel bus parked for the night at a "wildernis site" by the Orkhol River. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-31 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: landscape with the Orkhon River in the foreground. Keywords: Mongol, picturesque, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-30 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: a typical "multi-track" route across the steppe. After heavy rain all the tracks may be impassable for wheeled traffic. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-29 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: a group of yaks. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-28 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) is not uncommon in the park. Keywords: Mongol, alpine flowers, botanical, botany, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR137K-27 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: a mare with foal near the Orkhon Waterfall. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-26 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). A picturesque view of the river above the waterfall. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-25 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). The river flows through a gorge with pine trees after the waterfall. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-24 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). Orkhon Khürkhree (Orkhon Waterfall) drops 20 metres abruptly into a gorge. An attraction for tourists, although it is likely to be dry for about 10 months of the year. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-23 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). Orkhon Khürkhree (Orkhon Waterfall) drops 20 metres abruptly into a gorge. An attraction for tourists, although it is likely to be dry for about 10 months of the year. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-22 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). Visitors arriving at the gorge to see the waterfall. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-21 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). A flock of goats drinking at the river on a deep valley floor. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-20 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). Here the river flows along the bottom of an escarpment where a few trees manage to thrive. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-19 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon), with the river and leaves of Iris lactea in the foreground. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-18 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). Young Great Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristatus) scurrying for cover. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-17 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon), with shamanistic "ovoo" and blue cloth offerings. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-16 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-15 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Khangai Nuruu National Park: Orkhon Khöndii (Valley of the River Orkhon). Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-14 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: the Rotel bus, parked by the "world's largest ger" with its Chinese-style gateway. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-12 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: a tethered Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), one of several outside the monastery, used for taking photographs of tourists. Keywords: Mongol, birds of prey, raptors, birds, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-11 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: two of the newer Buddhist temples. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-10 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: Buddhist monks leaving the monastery. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-09 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: the Tibetan-style Lavrin Süm, where a Dalai Lama lived during his last visit. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR137K-08 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: a remarkable cumulus cloud. Keywords: Mongol, weather phenomenon, meteorology, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-07 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: the courtyard in front of the three original temples. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-06 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: a newer Buddhist temple in the grounds. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-05 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: the three surviving original temples, dedicated to Buddha's childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-04 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: a small temple and the handsome Golden Prayer Stupa (1799), in the grounds. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR137K-03 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: souvenir stalls outside the north-west gate, with grazing goats. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-02 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: view of the boundary wall with its 108 stupas. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR137K-01 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: one of two surviving stone turtles, four of which originally marked the four gates of ancient Karakoram. Little else is visible of the ancient city. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR136K-36 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: one of two surviving stone turtles, four of which originally marked the four gates of ancient Karakoram. Little else is visible of the ancient city. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR136K-35 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: goats, grazing outside the boundary wall. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-34 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: the massive boundary wall with some of its 108 stupas. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-33 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: a modern version of the "Silver Tree Fountain", a feature of ancient Karakorum, designed by a French sculptor, Guillaume Bouchier, in 1253. The four lion's heads were reputed to deliver mare's milk, whilst the golden spouts delivered wine, rice wine, bal (mead) and airag (fermented mare's milk) simultaneously. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-32 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Rotel bus parked next to the "world's largest ger". Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR136K-31 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): black clouds presage an approaching storm on the steppe, which will have passed within the hour. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-30 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): Tsetserleg, capital of Arkhangai Province, has a population of about 18,000. Here, a view of the dwellings comprising the town, spreading up the hillside below the outcrop of rocks. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR136K-29 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): Tsetserleg, capital of Arkhangai Province, has a population of about 18,000. Here, a view of the dwellings comprising the town, spreading up the hillside. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR136K-28 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): Tsetserleg, capital of Arkhangai Province, has a population of about 18,000. Here, the car park, in front of the local stores. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-27 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): Tsetserleg, capital of Arkhangai Province, has a population of about 18,000. Here, the local supermarket, with a teachers' college on the left. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-26 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): the owner of the ger (yurt) and her grandchild. The family owns about 600 head of cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-25 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): local guide bidding farewell to the owner of the ger (yurt) and her grandchildren. The family owns about 600 head of cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR136K-24 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): a typical ger (yurt), equipped with solar panels, dish antenna and family car. In the foreground cheese is being strained in a muslin cloth. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-23 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): Rotel bus parked for the night by a ger-camp near the Taikhar Chuluu Monolith. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-22 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): the skin of the goat which was slaughtered for our evening meal. The animals are "hainags", a cross between cow and yak which supply more milk than pure yaks. The Taikhar Chuluu Monolith is visible in the background. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-21 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): the Taikhar Chuluu Monolith. Legend has it that a local hero hurled the monolith at a huge serpent, which may still be under the rock. Many Mongolians come to visit, and most leave their names in the form of graffiti! Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-20 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): Mongolian visitors posing in front of the Taikhar Chuluu Monolith. Legend has it that a local hero hurled the monolith at a huge serpent, which may still be under the rock. Many Mongolians come to visit, and most leave their names in the form of graffiti! Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR136K-19 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): a herder with his "uurga" (lasso) driving yaks from the watering pool. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-18 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): a herd of yaks being watered in a pool. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-17 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): an "ovoo" (sharmanistic pile of stones and blue cloths as offerings) near the top of a pass. Travellers add a stone to the pile and walk round the ovoo three times to assure good fortune. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-16 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): an "ovoo" (sharmanistic pile of stones and blue cloths as offerings) near the top of a pass. Travellers add a stone to the pile and walk round the ovoo three times to assure good fortune. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-15 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): a group of nomadic herdsmen from Uvs Aimag (in the north-west), driving a herd of camels in the direction of Ulaanbaatar. Bactrian camels in the foreground. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-14 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): a group of nomadic herdsmen from Uvs Aimag (in the north-west), driving a herd of sheep and goats in the direction of Ulaanbaatar. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-13 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): a group of nomadic herdsmen from Uvs Aimag (in the north-west), driving a herd of sheep and goats in the direction of Ulaanbaatar. Here a herdsman shows his "uurga" or traditional wooden lasso. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-12 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): a group of nomadic herdsmen from Uvs Aimag (in the north-west), driving a herd of camels in the direction of Ulaanbaatar. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-11 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): crossing the Orkhon Gol, the longest river in Mongolia. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-10 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): the flatness of the steppe, as far as the horizon. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-09 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): sunset on Lake Ögii Nuur, a waterbird reserve. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-08 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): Rotel bus parked for the night by a ger-camp near Lake Ögii Nuur. Keywords: Mongol, yurts, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-07 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): milking the mare, near Lake Ögii Nuur. Keywords: Mongol, horses, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-06 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): the horses belonging to the gers (yurts) with foals in the foreground, near Lake Ögii Nuur. Keywords: Mongol, domestic animals, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-05 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): young Mongolian girl with a small child in her arms, near Lake Ögii Nuur. Keywords: Mongol, children, family life, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-04 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): young Mongolian girl with a small child in her arms, near Lake Ögii Nuur. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism, family life, children
PMR136K-03 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): friendly youngsters from a group of gers (yurts) near Lake Ögii Nuur. Keywords: Mongol, children, family life, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-02 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): Rotel Bus and a young Mongolian visitor on horseback. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR136K-01 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): pair of ornate Buddhist stupas on the steppe, with the usual blue cloth offerings. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR135K-36 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): sheep-shearing near a group of gers (yurts). Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism, fleece, shorn wool
PMR135K-35 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): sheep-shearing near a group of gers (yurts). Keywords: Mongol, shorn wool, fleece, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR135K-34 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): sheep-shearing near a group of gers (yurts). Keywords: Mongol, shorn wool, fleece, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR135K-33 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): a tethered Bactrian camel. Others are still wild. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR135K-32 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): pause for lunch by the Rotel bus on the steppe. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR678-09 Mongolia, Töv: Mandshir Khiid, a monastery of 350 monks, now in the Bogdkhan Strictly Protected Area, was destroyed on Stalin's orders in 1937, but one temple has been rebuilt as a museum. Ruins of the adobe walls of the former assembly hall of the monastery. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR678-08 Mongolia, Töv: Mandshir Khiid, a monastery of 350 monks, now in the Bogdkhan Strictly Protected Area, was destroyed on Stalin's orders in 1937, but one temple has been rebuilt as a museum. Buddhist stele in the Foreground. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR678-06 Mongolia, Töv: a spring, sacred to the Mongolians, at the foot of Eej Khad (Mother Rock/Holy Mountain). A tree, growing where the spring leaves the mountain, is loaded with blue cloth offerings. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR678-05 Mongolia, Töv: a spring, sacred to the Mongolians, at the foot of Eej Khad (Mother Rock/Holy Mountain). Decorated with the usual blue-cloth offerings. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR678-04 Mongolia, Töv: view of Eej Khad (Mother Rock/Holy Mountain), with tree in the foreground. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR678-03 Mongolia, Töv: weathered granite slabs on the flank of Eej Khad (Mother Rock/Holy Mountain). Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR678-02 Mongolia, Töv: a Buddhist stupa at the foot of Eej Khad (Mother Rock/Holy Mountain). Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR678-01 Mongolia, Töv: Rotel bus negotiating a tricky patch of mud after heavy rain. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR677-12 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Stratified, bizarre granite rock formations. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-11 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Distant view of the Rotel bus, parked at the edge of the granite rocks. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-10A Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) on nest with one chick, fully grown. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-10 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) on nest with one chick, fully grown. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-09 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. An "ovoo" (pile of rocks as a religious offering) on the flat top of a holy mountain, with the usual blue cloths. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-08 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Stratified, bizarre granite rock formations. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-07 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Stratified, bizarre granite rock formations. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-06 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Hikers walking through a rocky defile. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-05 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. A winter homestead with shelter for sheep and goats (temperatures can reach minus 40 degrees) Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-04 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. A family Buddhist stupa on a deserted, winter homestead. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-03 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. The bleached bones of a horse near the rocks. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR677-02 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Hikers taking a breather amid the rock formations. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR677-01 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Stratified, bizarre granite rock formations. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR676-12 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Hikers exploring the rock formations. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR676-11 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Hikers walking through a rocky defile. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR676-09 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Gers (yurts) in a ger-camp, available for travellers' sleeping accommodation. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR676-08 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR676-07 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR676-06 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. View of the landscape of outcrops with a ger (yurt) in the distance. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR676-05 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Ger (yurt) camp with its green wooden restaurant on the edge of the outcrops. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR676-04 Mongolia, Dundgov: Baga Gazriin Chuluu, an area of granite outcrops in the Gobi Desert. Rotel bus parked in a grassy depression between the outcrops. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR676-03 Mongolia, Dundov, Mandalgov (Gobi Desert): goats, tethered together, being milked, with Rotel bus in the background. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR676-02 Mongolia, Dundov, Mandalgov: this town with a population of 14,000 is the capital of Dundov aimag in the Gobi Desert. Statue of Lenin has survived the political changes. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR676-01 Mongolia, Dundov, Mandalgov: this town with a population of 14,000 is the capital of Dundov aimag in the Gobi Desert. The main square, with a statue of Sükhbaatar. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR675-12 Mongolia, Dundgov, Ölziit (Gobi Desert): Tsagaan Suvraga, an area of 30-metre-high white limestone formations which resembles a moon landscape. It was originally beneath the sea. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR675-11 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: Yolyn Am (Vulture's Mouth) Gorge in the Saikhan National Park (Gobi Desert) where Griffon Vultures are always to be seen. A metre-thick layer of ice can still be found in the narrows, even in summer. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR675-10 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: Yolyn Am (Vulture's Mouth) Gorge in the Saikhan National Park (Gobi Desert) where Griffon Vultures are always to be seen. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR675-09 Mongolia, Bulgan (Gobi Desert): walking to the top of the Odeen Davaa Pass (2100m.) where ibex may be seen. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR675-08 Mongolia, Ömnögov, Bayanzag (Gobi Desert): a sandy area stabilised by saxaul shrubs where American palaeontologist Roy Chapman Andrews discovered numerous fossilised Protoceratops dinosaurs with nests and eggs in 1922. This part was called "The Flaming Cliffs" by Roy Chapman Andrews. Keywords: Mongol, geological, geology, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR675-07 Mongolia, Ömnögov, Bayanzag (Gobi Desert): a sandy area stabilised by saxaul shrubs where American palaeontologist Roy Chapman Andrews discovered numerous fossilised Protoceratops dinosaurs with nests and eggs in 1922. This part was called "The Flaming Cliffs" by Roy Chapman Andrews. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR675-06 Mongolia, Ömnögov, Bayanzag (Gobi Desert): a sandy area stabilised by saxaul shrubs where American palaeontologist Roy Chapman Andrews discovered numerous fossilised Protoceratops dinosaurs with nests and eggs in 1922. This part was called "The Flaming Cliffs" by Roy Chapman Andrews. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR675-05 Mongolia, Ömnögov, Bayanzag (Gobi Desert): a sandy area stabilised by saxaul shrubs where American palaeontologist Roy Chapman Andrews discovered numerous fossilised Protoceratops dinosaurs with nests and eggs in 1922. Keywords: Mongol, geological, geology, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR675-04 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: picturesque landscape in Orkhon Gol (River) Valley in the Khangaii Nuruu National Park. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR675-03 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: the Orkhon Gol (River) in the Khangaii Nuruu National Park before it reaches the waterfall. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR675-02 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: Orkhon Khürkhree (Waterfall) in the Khangaii Nuruu National Park drops 20 metres into a gorge where numerous pine trees grow. It is dry for about 10 months of the year. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR675-01 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: Orkhon Khürkhree (Waterfall) in the Khangaii Nuruu National Park drops 20 metres into a gorge where numerous pine trees grow. It is dry for about 10 months of the year. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR674-12 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: landscape in Orkhon Gol (River) Valley in the Khangaii Nuruu National Park. Trees growing in the shelter of the escarpment. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR674-11 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: landscape in Orkhon Gol (River) Valley in the Khangaii Nuruu National Park. Leaves of Iris lactea plants in the foreground. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR674-10 Mongolia, Övörkhangai: landscape in Orkhon Gol (River) Valley in the Khangaii Nuruu National Park. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR674-09 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: a modern interpretation of the "Silver Tree Fountain", a feature of ancient Karakorum, designed by a French sculptor, Guillaume Bouchier, in 1253. The four lion's heads were reputed to deliver mare's milk, whilst the golden spouts delivered wine, rice wine, bal (mead) and airag (fermented mare's milk) simultaneously. Keywords: Mongol, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR674-08 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: one of the three remaining temples in the grounds, dedicated to the childhood of Buddha. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism, Buddhist
PMR674-07 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: a row of prayer wheels in the grounds. Keywords: Mongol, Buddhism, Buddhist, sharmanism, religious monuments, Chinggis Khaan, Genghis Khan, steppe, Outer Mongolia
PMR674-06 Mongolia, Övörkhangai Aimag (Province), Kharkhorin, formerly Karakorum: Erdene Zuu Khiid (Monastery) is Mongolia's oldest monastery, founded in 1586 by Altai Khaan. It contained up to 100 temples within its walls as well as numerous gers. Perhaps 1000 monks were in residence at its peak. With the exception of three temples, the monastery was laid waste in the Stalinist purges of 1937, and the monks dispersed or killed. Since 1990 it has resumed its religious role. This picture: the Golden Prayer Stupa (1799) surmounted by the flame symbol, in the grounds. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism, Buddhist, Buddhism
PMR674-05 Mongolia, Arkhangai Aimag (Province): Mongolian visitors posing in front of the Taikhar Chuluu Monolith. Legend has it that a local hero hurled the monolith at a huge serpent, which may still be under the rock. Many Mongolians come to visit, and most leave their names in the form of grafitti! Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism
PMR674-04 Mongolia, Bulgan Aimag (Province): pair of ornate Buddhist stupas on the steppe, with the usual blue cloth offerings. Keywords: Mongol, Outer Mongolia, steppe, Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khaan, religious monuments, sharmanism

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